Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Tax collection - Essay Example Notwithstanding, this must be conceivable if the general population partake in subsidizing the state so as to buy vital weapons and furthermore utilize the disciplinary powers. The advantage delighted in by people in general regarding administrations because of their duty commitment is vast. It is; consequently, fitting to propose that Chancellor Osborne is correct when he transfers the state’s discerning of tax avoidance. The Shaban Mahamood of Shadow exchequer secretary, remarks on the condition of living being higher than the standard desire. From his remarks, obviously, Shaban anticipates that the state should make the typical cost for basic items to that level where every one of the residents living United Kingdom can manage. He has held the state at recover for not assuming its job in lessening the typical cost for basic items to its overall population. Shaban’s remarks unmistakably demonstrate that the state at that point has all the rights to request and even sp ot criminal accusations to individuals dodging tax assessment. The explanation for the help of the state is that, it might be in a situation to offer the so said types of assistance if the open assumes its legitimate job of making good on charges (Davidson 2011). seaward has been contrasted with a criminal demonstration. The state has even gone further to define approaches that qualities the taxman. Moreover, the individuals who readily furnish the state with data in regards to the avoidance of expense by others will be remunerated largely. Just as this isn't sufficient, the UK state has vowed to help out the remainder of nations that are battling tax avoidance. In the new criminal act focusing on the assessment dodgers, the state has included harsher discipline, longer prison terms and twofold installment of the sidestepped charges. Besides, the state keeps on citing the measure of recuperated burdens in the previous two state spending years. As was of rubberstamping the quintessence of making good on charges, the government official has likewise utilized the issue in their battles. It is obvious from

Sarbanes Oxley Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Sarbanes Oxley Act - Essay Example porting, informant arrangement, interior strategies on official credits and remuneration and outside inspector freedom can positively affect the charitable element as it creates to safeguard and, even, improve the trust and certainty people in general and its locale have on its philanthropic exercises. Independent companies, then again, have brought up the restrictive expenses of executing the SOX prerequisites and that the advantages got from actualizing these necessities are considerably less than these expenses. Be that as it may, there is additionally positive effect of SOX prerequisites on private ventures. Entrepreneurs who receive the SOX prerequisites may locate their upper hand expanding, simpler access to new capital or credits, increasingly effective treatment of family-related administration issues and an expanded chance to discourage, find and manage misrepresentation. With the different bookkeeping and corporate embarrassments that amazed and stunned the entire business world, the controllers, the partners and the private segment, when all is said in done, are on the whole clamoring for more straightforwardness and responsibility, just as a progressively moral method of directing organizations, for the different elements. The death of the Sarbanes Oxley Act is seen as a significant advance towards the improvement of these viewpoints. The SOX is equipped towards the freely recorded, as a rule enormous, organizations because of their huge effect on the economy (when all is said in done) and their partners (specifically). In any case, it is additionally advantageous to take note of that, as indicated by Cynthia Reaves (n.d.), a specialist in the zones of duty absolved association law, the â€Å"inappropriate money related administration practices† that were available in a large portion of the organizations involved in these embarrassments may likewise happen in philanthropic substances. McGladrey and Pullen, Certified Public Accountants (n.d.) additionally called attention to that not-for-profit elements â€Å"interact with or sway a huge bit of the population†. In view of these, it tends to be construed that the SOX additionally has an

Its alive! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Its alive! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The SIPA 2013 online application is now live.   Many have patiently waited for its release and we thank you for your enthusiasm and patience. SIPA is now accepting applications to its seven degree programs.     The first deadline â€" for Spring 2013 entry to the MIA (Master of International Affairs) and MPA (Master of Public Administration) programs â€" is October 15. Please visit our admissions homepage for more information, including start dates and application deadlines for all our programs. I encourage you to begin your application early so you have time to submit one that truly reflects your capabilities and accomplishments. Our application requirements can also be found on our website.   If you plan to reactivate a partially completed application, please note that we have made some modifications for 2013, so you should review any information that you entered previously. We look forward to assisting you with the application process and getting to know you.   Well continue to provide application tips over the next few months so stay tuned.

The Statue of Hatshepsut Essay - 1850 Words

The statue of Hatshepsut seated down is made with the material limestone. This limestone is lightly colored, which created a larger contrast with the other statues nearby. Her face was carved bringing out her eyes, eyebrows and other facial features. Her eyebrows also come slightly together towards the middle. Her lips forming a slight archaic smile. The dimensions are larger than an average female size. The statue is of great size, yet still in proportion. The body and head fit well with each other overall. However, it is greatly exaggerated in size. It can be seen that the anatomy was handled quite ruggedly. There is much damage done on the knees, hands and forearms. Only these areas of the sculpture seem to be damaged most severely.†¦show more content†¦She is viewed less as a woman but more of a male dominant figure. This piece does not have several viewpoints but mostly one. It is to be approached from its front view. It is extremely direct with Hatshepsut looking straightforward. The sculptor’s primary focus seems to be her resemblance as pharaoh. She is of power and should be approached directly as king. Hatshepsut is also displayed so that the statue could only be seen by the front. Her back is to the wall; hence, having no access to approach the statue toward its back. On the side of her thighs, there are horizontal lines playing a contrast to everywhere else, as her body is smooth. Even when entering this section of the Egyptian gallery, she can be viewed from the outside. She is directly aligned to the e ntrance. The museum seems to structure the approach of Hatshepsut to be presented directly. This statue seems to have been treated poorly and not with much care. It can be seen that it went through a lot causing such damage. However, because of its massive size, it was able to survive and still be in somewhat good condition. The body around the torso is relatively smooth and in tact with minor scratches. Her body itself was not as damaged but mostly around the edges of the statue were broken off. The texture seems to be of hard, rough limestone but it was smoothed out when being carved. The intended setting of this statue is to be placed inShow MoreRelatedEssay Statue of Haremhab vs. the Statue of Queen Hatshepsut686 Words   |  3 Pages Compare the statue of Haremhab with the statue of Queen Hatshepsut nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;These two statues are famous to the Egyptian art era. They represent the woman’s position and the man’s position at that day and age. Traditionally, the rulers of Egypt were male. So, when Hatshepsut, Dynasty 18, ca. 1473-1458 B.C., assumed the titles and functions of king she was portrayed in royal male costumes. Such representations were more for a political statement, rather than a reflection ofRead MoreLarge Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesThe Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut is a magnificent piece of art located in the Egyptian section next to many other statues of the great pharaoh Hatshepsut. Out of all the statues of Hatshepsut, the Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut was kept in the best shape and caught a lot of attention from the people in the room. Its great size is something truly remarkable, considering it was built in the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. More importantly, this statue is the first stru cture in art that depictsRead MoreEssay about Statue of Hatshepsut Seated1087 Words   |  5 PagesStatue of Hatshepsut Seated The seated statue of Hatshepsut is dated around ca. 1473-1458 B.C. around the 18th dynasty in Deir el-Bahri, Upper Egypt. This statue is made entirely out of indurated limestone and has a height of 195 cm, width of 49 cm, and diameter of 114 cm. Many statues like this were found in her mortuary temple that has been ransacked and destroyed by bandits and pharaohs. I consider this statue to be in very bad condition because of its age and the history behind it. From firstRead MoreThe Effect Of Hatshepsut On The Metropolitan Museum Of Art, By Herbert E. Winlock963 Words   |  4 Pages(Museum Egyptologist), found fragments of statues belonging to the time of Hatshepsut when they began clearing the area in front of the temples of Hatshepsut and Mentuhotep II. As a result further excavations of this area were undertaken by the Metropolitan Museum during the seasons of 1926-27, 1927-28, and 1928-29. These excavations were predominantly carried out in two important locations: a depression s outheast of Deir el-Bahri temple (also called the â€Å"Hatshepsut Hole†) and a quarry northeast of theRead MoreEssay on Hatshepshut v/s Kouros1068 Words   |  5 Pages Ancient Egyptian and Greek statues have many similarities. Hatshepsut in a Devotional Attitude is an Egyptian statue from 1473-1458 BCE. It is almost 8 feet tall and almost 2.5 feet wide. It is made of granite and is a statue of Queen Hatshepsut, the wife of Tutmose III, one of the most dynamic egyptian kings of the eighteenth dynasty. The Marble Statue of a Kouros (youth) is an Archaic Greek statue from 590-680 BCE. It is a little over 6 feet tall and about 20 inches at its widest. It isRead MoreThe Hatshepsut Of Egypt During The 18th Dynasty1134 Words   |  5 PagesQueen Maatkare Hatshepsut, Pharaoh of Egypt during the 18th dynasty, from 1473 BC to 1458 BC, was one of only a handful of female rulers of ancient Egypt. Her story is unique in Egyptian history, and reigned longer than any other female pharaoh. Thutmose I, had many wives, and many children. However, Hatshepsut was the daughter and only child of Thutmose I and his primary wife Ahmose. Hatshepsut, was favored by he r parents over her brothers. She was beautiful, smart, and had a charismatic personalityRead More Ancient Egypt Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagespassed down through the royal family and traditionally to the eldest son when his father died. Hatshepsut was a significant individual who thwarted this convention by depicting herself as a male so that after her husband/brother Thutmosis II died suddenly she could become Pharaoh instead of the rightful successor, who was Thutmosis III. Because of the male-governed society of which she had lived in, Hatshepsut had to indeed subvert the system to a great extent in order to become Pharaoh of Egypt in 1473Read MoreSymbolic Imagery Of Egyptian Queens1569 Words   |  7 Pagesrituals designed to ensure fertility and richness for the realm. Generously endowed with goods and property, the God’s Wives enjoyed an important position of authority. Kings often proclaimed their divinity and power through the use of symbolism on statues, monuments and temples. Beginning in the Fifth Dynasty queens began to adopt some of this regalia as their own. One of the first images they assumed was that of the vulture headdress, an insignia also associated with the goddesses of protectionRead MoreHow Hatshepsut s Life And Reign1896 Words   |  8 Pageswhere she could make a difference, she might adapt masculine tendencies and presentation. This is the case of the ancient Egyptian queen Hatshepsut, who was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh of Egypt, and the first to rule with full authority, according to The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt by Toby Wilkinson. In this paper I will explain how Hatshepsut presented herself as a pharaoh by blending imagery of a male king with presentations of herself as a woman, and an Egyptian ruler. I willRead MorePersonal Statement : Cleopatra Vii, And Hatshepsut Of Egypt1473 Words   |   6 PagesThesis: In my examination to identify leaders that characterized the attributes that represent pioneering, energizing, deliberate, resolute, commanding, affirming, and inclusive dimensions of leadership, I have chosen Nefertiti, Cleopatra VII, and Hatshepsut of Egypt. Leading a country takes more than just having a high status. Being a leader of a nation incorporates abilities that can make or break an administration. The life of a leader leaves little time for oneself. From the time of waking up

Autism Spectrum Disorder and its Characteristics Essay

In 2000, one in every one hundred and fifty children was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Since then, there has been a drastic increase of the incidence of this disorder. In 2013, according to the Centers for Disease Control, autism spectrum disorder occurs in one out of eighty eight children. (CDC, 2013) That is a significant increase over a relatively short period of time. With such an increase, it is important to learn what autism spectrum disorder is and what might cause it. Autism spectrum disorder is the term used for a group of disorders in brain development. It is a complex disorder and symptoms usually appear before the child is age five. It is called a spectrum disorder because each person is affected differently†¦show more content†¦The first is a pattern of irregular language development. Although, most people with autism do develop language skills, they are generally not at a level of a typically developing person and the progress of their language development is usually slow and irregular. An example of the irregular pattern of speech development seen in autism is Echolalia. Some estimates say that 85% of those with autism spectrum disorder who are verbal with show Echolalia in some form. (Teach Me to Talk, 2008) There are two types of echolalia. Immediate echolalia and delayed echolalia. Immediate echolalia occurs when the child echoes the words immediately after another says them. Delayed echolalia is when a child repeats the words or phrases long after they were originally said. This can occur days, weeks, or even months later. Another example of irregular speech development is prosody. Webster dictionary defines prosody as the rhythm and pattern of the sounds of language. Some people with autism may know the correct vocabulary to use but are unable to use a correct tone of voice. Not only are they unable to use prosody, but they are not able to detect its use others. (Rudy, 2010) This can make them appear emotionally distant, or uninterested. An example of this is; a child, who has autism spectrum disorder, is talkingShow MoreRelatedThe Characteristics Of Autism Spectrum Disorders ( Asd )949 Words   |  4 Pages 1. What are the characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)? As described in the textbook, there is a broad range of characteristics associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). One of the first characteristics noted with ASD is language deficits, or using language in â€Å"odd† ways. As stated in the textbook, â€Å"Children with classic autism may be nonverbal. Alternatively, they may have significant language difficulties, so that their language may consist primarily of echolalia or delayedRead MoreLanguage Development Is A Central Characteristic Of Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1774 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Review Delays in language development is a central characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Walker and Snell (2013) suggest that children who demonstrate poor communication skills often times are more likely to engage in problematic behaviors. The literature provides substantial evidence that functional communication training (FCT) is an effective intervention to use as a replacement behavior to decrease maladaptive behaviors for children with ASD. In a study conducted byRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder : Causes, Characteristics, Implications, And Management Since It Has No Cure Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism is a disorder that affects social communication skills, speech, intellectual ability and fine and gross motor skills. It is a developmental disorder that is diagnosed during childhood, when diagnosed with this disorder it is expected to stretch throughout life since it has no cure. The disorder is officially known as autism spectrum disorder. This is so because the diagnoses has five spectrum namely; Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, pervasive developmentalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder and its Causes Essay906 Words   |  4 Pageswith autism spectrum disorder. Since then, there has been a drastic increase on the incidents of this disorder. In 2013, according to the Centers for Disease Control, Autism spectrum disorder occurs in one out of eighty eight children. (CDC, 2013) That is a significant increase over a relatively short period of time. With such an increase, it is important to learn what autism spectrum disorder is and what might cause it. Autism spectrum disorder is the term used for a group of disorders in brainRead MoreMason was not unlike many children in that according to the most recent Center for Disease Control800 Words   |  4 Pagessixty-eight children is on the autism spectrum. This is a 30% increase from the findings reported two years ago of one in every eight-eight children. The current study also reports that the proportion of boys with autism (1 in 42) is significantly higher that girls (1 in 189) (10 Things to Know About New Autism Data. 2014). Changes in the DSM-V that incorporated Asperger syndrome (AS), autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified intoRead MoreTypes Of Students With Disabilities1446 Words   |  6 PagesI was given the opportunity to observe different types of students with disabilities in a self-contained special education class. I viewed many different types of disabilities such as Autism Spectrum Disorder , speech and language impairment, intellectual disabilities, visual impairment, and physical disabilities. Four out of the six students in the self-contained class I observed lacked social, communication, academic, and some behavior problems. Due to many of the students lacking these componentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1492 Words   |  6 Pageslife there are several different disorders that have been well known from many years ago. There is one disorder that was diagnosed in the early 1800’s but it wasn’t until a few years ago that it gained lots of attention. What used to be known as Autism was later renamed in the DSM to Autism Spectrum Disorder meaning, a neurodevelopmental disorder rather than a pervasive developmental disorder (Gargiulo, 2015). Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder characterized by abnormal or impairedRead MoreAutism And Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesthose who are influ enced by that singular perspective. In specific, Autism which is referred to as Autistic Spectrum Disorder, is something that the public has heard before but they do not fully understand or are unaware about its true definition. â€Å"According to the Centers for Disease Control’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM), approximately 1 in 68 children have been identified with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)† (CDC, 2016). This increased prevalence is why it is importantRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) And Autism1544 Words   |  7 PagesAUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER â€Å"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development.† Those with autism may have a number of difficulties such as in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. It is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with impairments that have lifelong consequences. This paper will discuss how it is found in people, what the effects are, the levels of autism, and how you can helpRead MoreAutism : A Type Of Autism913 Words   |  4 Pageschildren will be born with a type of Autism. This number has doubled since the mid-1990’s (Nature Education). Autism affects 1.5 million people (Howard). Autism develops within the first years of life and is four times more likely to be present in boys than in girls (Kinsey). Some researchers believe autism caused by failure to prune sufficient nerve cells, or to get rid of damaged nerve cells in the proper manner (Howard). There is trea tment for all types of autism and are available but none are known

Negotiation Skills Free Essays

string(116) " with the German Daimler – Benz Company in 1998, problems arose out of their different decision-making processes\." Effective negotiation skills are becoming increasingly important for today’s global business. A lot of time is spent negotiating in a global setting as companies and individuals conduct business. This paper will attempt to critically assess the significance of cross cultural negotiation skills for the success of international mergers and alliances. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation Skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now To begin with let the definition of negotiation be deduced. Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan (2004) identify negotiation as a sequence of actions in which two or more parties address demands, initiate, conduct or terminate operations in a foreign country. Gulbro and Herbig (1995) define it as the process by which at least two parties try to reach an agreement on matters of mutual interest. In order to be successful in such a diverse and complex business environment, negotiators must be globally aware and have a frame of reference that goes beyond a country or region and encompasses the world (Fowler, 2005). International executives attempt to negotiate for an optimal solution minimizing conflicts and maximizing gains. According to Martin et al. 1999) a clear negotiation strategy is the most important factor for successful international business relationships. Cross cultural negotiation skills are vital in today’s business. It is not just about closing deals but it also involves looking at all factors that can influence the proceedings. Cross cultural negotiation skills not only shows the people involved how to start from a strong position and find common ground with others, but also provides practical techniques for to use when talking and bargaining during business ( Kozicki, 2005). People from other countries and cultures do things differently. For alliances and mergers to succeed, these cultural differences must be taken into account when negotiating to reach a deal that will last and bring benefits to both sides. Therefore as these people play an essential role for the success of merging companies, it is crucial to have an understanding of different national and organisational cultures. Cross culture is an integral art of the overall corporate culture of the firm, which is applicable for all international alliance and merging partners (Luo,1999). Negotiation skills bring added challenges that help the international negotiator to understand how partners from other cultures view negotiation and how they think it should be handled (Michal, 2005). Although there may be much commonality between members of both sides it should not be assumed that people have the same benefits, values or priorities as each other. Nowadays, businesses of all sizes search for internat ional partnership. The increasingly global business environment requires the approach to the negotiation process from the global business person’s point of view as the process can be complex and difficult but will create huge opportunities to develop and increase success in avoiding barriers and failures in international mergers and alliances. As one partner better understands that the other partner may see things differently, they will be less likely to make negative assumptions and more likely to make progress when negotiating. Nations tend to lead a national character that influences the type of goals and process the society pursues in negotiations and this is why specifying and understanding cultural differences is vital in order to perform successfully in inter-cultural communication (Copeland, 1996). In addition, for international mergers and alliances to succeed, it is important for both sides to agree that no one approach is better than another. Lack of cross- cultural skills can cause difference in problem-solving and decision making and this can easily lead to misunderstanding. Therefore it is important for everyone involved in the proceedings to be able to use a range of decision making and problem solving techniques. Nonetheless, companies from other countries run into problems which stem from cultural differences and this leads to difficulties between negotiating parties. Negotiators from cultures that place a high importance on punctuality and schedules are more prone to set deadlines and then make concessions at the last minute to meet the schedules than are negotiators from cultures that place less importance on punctuality and schedules. They may underestimate the importance their counterparts place on the negotiations if their counterpart arrives late and do not adhere to schedules due to lack of cultural awareness (Daniels et al, 2004). Furthermore, one counterpart may understand and be adaptive to the other’s culture. Therefore it is important for both parties to have some cross-cultural knowledge as this will determine at the start whether they will follow some form of adjustment. The choice of response should be highly dependent on how well both sides understand each other’s culture. Cross-cultural negotiation skills provide people with increased knowledge which means people have the opportunity to progress at international level. For alliances and mergers to work, there must be collaboration between the two parties for the betterment of both. Kanter, (1998) argues that communication is important to achieving synergy between partners. It is harder to derive the benefits of cooperation and easier for rivalries to escalate when there is no relationship history to draw upon. Stereotypes are a pitfall when attempting to create an international merger or alliance. National stereotypes prejudice groups in the absence of evidence and should be avoided at all times. An entire culture cannot be relegated to one or two commonly held attributes. Culture is a very complex issue encompassing a plethora of subjects. A group’s customs, belief systems, values and behaviour must be understood in order to fully realise a successful partnership in a business context. A key component of successful international negotiation is effective ross-cultural communication. This requires that negotiators understand not only the written and oral language of their counterparts, but also other components of culturally different communication styles (Cullen and Parboteeah, 2005). In essence, it requires an understanding of the more subtle, nonverbal aspects of communication as they play a vital role in understanding the communication process. Cross-cultural communication proble ms can arise in any given situation, even huge co-operations can fall into this problem. For example, when the U. S. car manufacturer Chrysler merged with the German Daimler – Benz Company in 1998, problems arose out of their different decision-making processes. You read "Negotiation Skills" in category "Papers" Chrysler was accustomed to making quick, high–profile decisions while Daimler – Benz, with their hierarchical system, were used to a slow, cautious business model with little need for public pronouncements. Cultural difficulties occurred between the more easy-going and more flexible style of Chrysler and the well structured and bureaucratic style of Daimler-Benz. All of this was as a result of the different working styles, decision making and communication processes within the company (Shelton, 2003). The incompatibility of the two different cultural aspects was realised too late and became very difficult to be overcome. In the end it was no merger of equals but one company dominating over the other. This case shows the different aspects of the need for cross- cultural awareness as its importance must be considered in cross-border alliance and merger processes in order to become global players. Negotiation involves clear communication which involves important skills such as understanding, speaking and listening. It is not possible to have one skill without the others. Negotiation is most effective when people are able to clearly identify and discuss their source of disagreement and misunderstanding. Very different cultural attributes were evident when the French Pharmaceutical company Rhone- Poulenc merged with the U. S. Company Rouer. Not only did the Americans take issue with the French people’s lax attitude owards time-keeping and punctuality, they also had to deal with their propensity to express their emotions. Emotional outbursts such as crying or shouting were commonplace in the French company as they are not considered shameful; on the contrary, the French idiom ‘soupe au lait’, used to describe such outbursts, is believed to aliviate stress, allow them to vent anger and present them from bearing grudges (Dornberg, 1999). Perhaps the best example where cross-cultural negotiation skills were used effectively is in the case of Colgate Toothpaste Company. In 1985, the U. S. Colgate Palmolive Cooperation bought Hong Kong based Hawley Hazel Chemical Company. Hawley Hazel’s Toothpaste, ‘Darkie’ had a 70% market share in Asia and it featured a smiley man in ‘black face’ and a top hat resembling a minstrel or Al Jolson. This image presented no protests in Asia since the association with the image was with brilliant smiles. However, Colgate knew the connotations of the name and image of the toothpaste would be offensive to many U. S. minority groups and therefore had to enter into lengthy negotiations with the Hong Kong Company with a view to changing the name and image of the toothpaste. In order to give customers in Asia time to get accustomed to the new name and image, changes were brought in generally over a year long time frame. Eventually the product was called ‘Darlie’ and the image replaced by a racially-ambiguous smiling character in a tuxedo and top hat (Morrison and Conaway, 2004). In all these examples, the negotiation skills in a cross-cultural context were successful as the negotiators took into account cultural differences, while allowing for compromise to take place. Negotiators were undoubtedly familiar with Hofstede’s models of value systems and used his suggested five fundamental dimensions to national culture: Hierarchy, ambiguity, individualism, achievement- orientation and long-term orientation to their advantage. Negotiation skills are essential in determining the terms under which a company may enter and operate in a foreign country. International negotiations occur largely between parties whose cultures, educational backgrounds, and expectations differ, it may be difficult for negotiators to understand each other’s sentiments and present convincing arguments. Negotiation skills offer negotiators a means of anticipating responses and planning an approach to the actual bargaining (Daniels, et al 2004). The key to effective alliances and mergers is skillful management of relations from the initial handshake onward. In cross-cultural alliances and mergers there is great challenge because each party brings different cultural schemata to the table through which they interpret events. For example, the French dislike being rushed into discussions, they prefer to examine various options in decisions and negotiations are likely to be in French unless they occur outside France. Punctuality is expected and they tend to be formal in their negotiations and do not move quickly to expressions of goodwill until the relationship has existed for some time. Negotiation skills call for creative thinking that goes beyond the poorly thought out compromise such as those arrived at when there is a rush to solve before an effort is made to comprehend. A deep understanding of the true and often manifested nature of the underlying challenge is required if a long term solution is sought. Many conflicts that on the surface seem to be purely about resources, often have significant components related to issues of participation, face saving and relationships. For negotiation to work in international mergers and alliances, people need to be able to share their needs and fears with each other. Negotiation skills include being well prepared, showing patience, maintaining integrity, avoiding the presumption of evil, controlling emotions, understanding the role of time pressures, breaking down bigger issues into smaller ones, avoiding threats and manipulation tactics, focusing first on the problem rather than on the solution, seeking for interest-based decisions and rejecting weak solutions (Richard, 1999). All of these help one way or another when thinking through challenging or difficult business situations and also play a huge role in successful negotiation. The skills help negotiators to learn about other people’s preferences and also make their own clear. As logic is not the only thing that prevails in bargaining efforts it gives people time to work out essential problems especially when dealing with someone of a dissimilar culture and additional time may be needed to work out an agreement (Brett, 1998). In some cases emotional outbursts tend to escalate rather than solve a conflict. This can be extremely difficult for some people to hide their emotions and this can permit negative emotions which can take control of some negotiators due to lack of skill. Business partners negotiate through life and while there may be no easy answers that will fit every negotiation need, there are many important skills that will help to become more effective. Without the relevant skills negotiation will not prosper in the absence of cooperative decision-making as it will suffer absence of commitment and participation from the individual’s part. Limited knowledge of either the alliance or merger partners’ languages or cultures puts them at a disadvantage. They may hold power by maintaining a percentage of shares of the venture, but in reality many lose power through ignorance. Skilled negotiators spend twice as much time asking questions as opposed to average negotiators. They probe to clarify issues and understand underlying drivers and reasons for the stance a given party has taken. Talented negotiators also try to understand what the other side wants so they can develop a solution that satisfies all parties. Skilled negotiators also make many more positive comments than average ones (Hayman, 2007). This emphasises and builds on the good in the negotiation to make it easier to deal with other issues. Without any knowledge of the other party’s culture they may not have any idea of what the other side wants and therefore, it is vital to explore more options to test limits. These skills help to think about how the partner should be approached, what can be given away, and what must remain non-negotiable and all is due to tolerance for differences in culture and outlook. No matter how many companies want to merge or become an alliance, success rests upon skillful management from the beginning and without this relationship between the business partners will suffer from poor initial planning, mismatched expectations, poor communications, inequitable power distribution and inadequate negotiation potential and decline can be quite rapid. Success rests in accepting the other partner despite differences in values, beliefs, educational experiences, ethnic backgrounds or perspectives. The skills involved permit partners to examine a problem from all sides, and to promote understanding and interest in the other without necessarily agreeing to one party’s viewpoint. Genuine interest in contributions help to build trust and this provides a foundation for continuing relationship and also eases future efforts to solve problems ( Herbig and Kramer,1991). The negotiation skills allow everyone involved in the business to make suggestions openly without fear of criticism and is accepted. All negotiations are completed by consensus and a negotiated solution is reached when every partner has given up something to gain common benefits. A hypothetical example of a skilled negotiator dealing with another in a foreign country could be that they both have identical proposals and packages. If one has no knowledge of cross-culture believing the proposal will speak for itself and the other party has the knowledge which involves the culture, beliefs, values, etiquette and approaches to business, meetings and negotiations the latter will most likely succeed over the rival. This is so because it is likely they would have endeared themselves more to the host negotiation team and would be able to tailor their approach to the negotiations in a way that maximises the potential of a positive outcome. It is very important to know the commonest basic components of our counterparty’s culture. It is assign of respect and a way to build trust and credibility as well as advantage that can help us to choose the right strategies and tactics during the negotiation. It is not possible to learn another culture in detail but when something is learnt especially at short notice the best that can be done is to try to identify principal influences that the foreign culture may have on making the deal (Salacuse, 1991). Apart from adopting the other side’s culture to adjust to the business environment, difficulty in finding common ground, focusing on common professional cultures may be the initiation of business relations. The skills needed to approach negotiation differs across cultures, for instance the Japanese will negotiate in teams and decisions will be based upon consensual agreement while in Asia decisions are usually made by the most senior figure and in Germany, decisions can take a long time due to the need to analyse information and statistics in great depth. Clearly there are factors that need to be considered when approaching cross-cultural negotiation. Through having the skills, business personnel are given the appropriate knowledge that can help them prepare them effectively and this will help succeed in maximising their potential. CONCLUSION In an increasing global business environment, cultural misunderstandings may sabotage even the simplest negotiation therefore, cross-cultural negotiation skills are an essential, highly accessible resource for navigating boundaries for the success of international mergers and alliances (Brett, 2001). It helps to understand how people from different countries behave and conduct business, also to close deals that create value, resolve disputes to preserve relationships, and make decisions that get implemented around the world. Cultural negotiating skills are necessary for managing in multinational network organisations. Managers heading abroad to negotiate a deal, businessmen relocating to foreign countries, multicultural teams within large organisations and individuals involved in international merger and alliance activities are those who will benefit having the skills to negotiate and acquire knowledge and development that are indispensable in today’s global business world. If there is no knowledge of cross-cultural negotiations involved, a great deal of difficulty in understanding the findings of cross-cultural experiments concerning co-operation and conflict will arise because the partner or partner’s identity is not clear to the subjects in the business (Smith and Bond, 1993). Negotiation is a specific type of interaction that should be known to partners and professionals. For mergers and alliances to succeed those involved must also recognise that cultural differences can lead to different behaviours and assumptions at work and that these can sometimes cause misunderstandings or delay. Despite their risks, mergers and acquisitions are becoming increasingly common events as a result of rapid globalization and it is important for those involved to aim to develop levels of cultural awareness and understanding within organisations so that their clients can operate more effectively and profitably within the global market place. Negotiation helps to put things in context, gives a broader perspective, and increases the likelihood that an agreement that comports well with the interests of constituents will be reached. In addition, careful attention should be paid to the interests of other parties in the negotiation process. This can help to craft a solution that makes for a successful negotiation (Cohen, 2002). Finally, everyone must do their best to learn about the cultures of their negotiating partners as this drives decisions and the more they comprehend in their strategy and tactics, the greater the likelihood that the agreement they reach will provide their negotiation partner something to bring back to whomever they consider the powers that be. Negotiators need to be well prepared for the beginning, collecting information from possible sources, clarifying their objectives, and setting their limits. During the negotiation, the relationship orientation is most important. An appropriate emphasis on time should be considered. At the end of the negotiation, consensus is the most important consideration. The success of international business relationships depends on effective business negotiation. If negotiators are well prepared, understanding how to achieve international business negotiation outcomes and the factors relevant to the process will allow negotiators to be more successful. Word count 3,185 How to cite Negotiation Skills, Papers

Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance. Answer: Introduction: Human resource management (HRM) is known as key component of every business organizations that works as a link between the organizational authority and staff members (Alusa and Kariuki 2015). The behavior of the staff and quality of the organizational performance both are dependent on the human resource management department of an organization. Many analysts claim that human resource management is a pillar of an organization. There are many studies that have provided an idea over the concept of human resource management and the importance of human resource (HR) practices in the organizational development (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The following article is discussing about the role of human resource management. To provide a clear picture of human resource management, it has focused on three important articles, such as- how the impact of HR practices on employee well-being and performance changes with age, the link between perceived Human Resource Management practices, engagement and employee behaviour and performance benefits of reward choice: a procedural justice perspective. These articles have concentrated on different aspects human resource management. These three articles - how the impact of HR practices on employee well-being and performance changes with age, the link between perceived Human Resource Management practices, engagement and employee behaviour and performance benefits of reward choice: a procedural justice perspective have enlightened various operational areas of human resource management. According to these articles human resource management influences the growth of every business organizations. The writers of the articles claim that it plays a vital role to operate a business organization successfully. Human resource managers have a great impact on the behavior of the employee of an organization. In this competitive era, every business organization is introducing new strategies in the organization to beat their rivals. HR practices have also become an integral part of the organizational strategy. Organizational management often practices various activities like rewards. Training and development program for the new a nd old employees to improve the performance quality of the employees and motivate them to achieve the desired target. The previously mentioned articles have articulated these aspects of human resource management. According to these articles, it has become very important for every organization to increase employees efficiency to put a strong footprint in the industry. In order to achieve the target every business organization depends on various human resource management department and HR practices (Arulrajah, Opatha and Nawaratne 2016). The authors of the article have stated that human resource management plays dual role. It can influence the present performance of the employees to maintain their performance quality as well as influence the employees to improve the performance quality to reach to the next level. Every organization possesses some long term-goal (Rondeau and Wagar 2016). As opined by the author of the article that the primary objective of the human resource management is to help the organization to achieve the organizational target. It helps the organizational authority to maintain transparent and interactive relation with the employees. According to these articles, every organization focuses on enhancing the skills of the employees to fights against obstacles as well as against other rival companies (Paill et al. 2014). Differences between Three Articles: Instead of having many similarities, there are some issues that distinguish these three articles from one another. The articles - how the impact of HR practices on employee well-being and performance changes with age, the link between perceived Human Resource Management practices, engagement and employee behaviour and performance benefits of reward choice: a procedural justice perspective have focused on different aspects of human resource management. The article how the impact of HR practices on employee well-being and performance changes with age claims that the scenario of human resource management has changed in last few years. This article claims that the primary objective of every business organization is to make huge profit and battle against the competitors to survive in the race. In order to achieve the target, it has become very important for human resource management department to influence the performance of the employees in an effective manner, as the success of the busi ness organization is highly depend on its employees performance. As opined by Dorien T.A.M Kooji, David E. Guest Mike Clinton, Terry Knight, Paul G.W Janse, and Josje S.E Dikkers, the writer of the article human resource management plays a significant role to improve the employees as well as organizational performance (Kooij et al. 2013). The article performance benefits of reward choice: a procedural justice perspective has concentrated on the reward system of an organization. According to the author of the article reward system is highly responsible to enhance the skills of the employees. It motivates the employees to give better performance to achieve the organizational target. Arran Caza, Matthew W. McCarter and Gregory B. Northcraft the author of the article have claimed that every organization must incorporate reward system within the organization to appreciate staff members. Rewards possess two key benefits, such as- it decreases the production cost by retaining skilled and efficient employees, it promotes the brand image of the organization by providing efficient and quality service (Caza, McCarter and Northcraft 2015). The article the link between perceived Human Resource Management practices has discussed about the employee engagement in the organizational structure. Employees are the key element of an organ ization. They must be involved in the organizational decision making process and other operations of an organization. Human resource management plays crucial role in involving employees in the organizational structure. The writers Kerstin Alfes, Amanda Shantz, Catherine Truss and Emma Soane have focused on two aspects organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and turnover intentions. According to the writers human resource management plays significant role in both these sections (Alfes et al. 2013). Although the articles have focused on different aspects to human resource management, there is a common factor in all these articles that is the impact of human resource management in an organizational structure. It stimulates organizational functions (Kehoe and Wright 2013). All the operation of human resource management department is interrelated. The sections that have been discussed in the articles are related to each other- such as employee behavior, employee engagement and reward. In order to engage employees and shape the behavior of the employees the organizational management of various business organizations uses reward system (Sparrow, Brewster and Chung 2016). It influences the dedication of the employees towards the organization and provides sense of importance among the employees. An employee often feels as an important part of the organization by such practices. It improves the performance quality of the employees (Messersmith and Wales 2013). Integration: These three articles are interrelated to each other. It considers human resource management as a key part of the organizational structure (Jackson, Schuler and Jiang 2014). Human resource management department covers almost all the areas of organizational function. The primary objective of the human resource manager is to operate an organization smoothly and maintain healthy relation among the employees and between employees and organizational management (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). In order to achieve the desired target, human resource managers provide rewards to the employees; conduct training and development programs to enhance the skills of the employees. As per these articles it can be stated that organizational managers plays crucial role in shaping the behavior of the employees. By appreciating the employees human resource managers motivate the employees to give their best performance to achieve the organizational goal. Rewards system increases the employee engagement t owards the organization (Jabbour et al. 2013). Through the interpretation of the articles it can be stated that human resource management is a key part of the organizational structure. It has a great impact on the organizational function (Chuang, Chen and Chuang 2013). Any organization that is facing any kind obstacles due to labor union can implement the reward and recognition system in the organization to improve the relation with the employees and overcome all the challenges. To ensure the growth of the organization it is important to meet the satisfaction level of the employees and maintain transparent relation with the employees and labor unions. The business organization must take the help of the human resource manager to appreciate the employees for achieving short term goal. The human resource managers must explain their organizational strategy to their employees. It will provide a transparent picture about the organizational strategy. It will establish a strong relation between the employees and the organizational author ity and help the employees to adopt the change management process in an organization (Budhwar and Debrah 2013). Conclusion: As per the previous discussion, it can be concluded that these articles have provided a clear picture of the human resource management. Human resource management plays a vital role in the development of the organization by shaping the organizational behavior, providing rewards and involving employees in the organizational decision making process. The writers of the articles have stated that organizational management in recent times have become dependent on the on the human resource management department to improve the performance quality of the organization. It enhances the potentiality of the employees by nurturing their skills as well as maintains healthy relation between the two major components of the organization, such as- organizational authority and organizational employees. Reference: Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C. and Soane, E.C., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), pp.330-351. Alusa, K. and Kariuki, A., 2015. Human resource management practices, employee outcome and performance of Coffee Research Foundation, Kenya.Human Resource Management,7(3). Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Arulrajah, A.A., Opatha, H.H.D.N.P. and Nawaratne, N.N.J., 2016. Green human resource management practices: a review.Sri Lankan Journal of Human Resource Management,5(1). Budhwar, P.S. and Debrah, Y.A. eds., 2013.Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Caza, A., McCarter, M.W. and Northcraft, G.B., 2015. Performance benefits of reward choice: a procedural justice perspective.Human Resource Management Journal,25(2), pp.184-199. Chuang, C.H., Chen, S.J. and Chuang, C.W., 2013. Human resource management practices and organizational social capital: The role of industrial characteristics.Journal of Business Research,66(5), pp.678-687. Jabbour, C.J.C., de Sousa Jabbour, A.B.L., Govindan, K., Teixeira, A.A. and de Souza Freitas, W.R., 2013. Environmental management and operational performance in automotive companies in Brazil: the role of human resource management and lean manufacturing.Journal of Cleaner Production,47, pp.129-140. Messersmith, J.G. and Wales, W.J., 2013. Entrepreneurial orientation and performance in young firms: The role of human resource management.International Small Business Journal,31(2), pp.115-136. Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S. and Jiang, K., 2014. An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.1-56. Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), pp.366-391. Kooij, D.T., Guest, D.E., Clinton, M., Knight, T., Jansen, P.G. and Dikkers, J.S., 2013. How the impact of HR practices on employee well?being and performance changes with age.Human Resource Management Journal,23(1), pp.18-35. Paill, P., Chen, Y., Boiral, O. and Jin, J., 2014. The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study.Journal of Business Ethics,121(3), pp.451-466. Renwick, D.W., Redman, T. and Maguire, S., 2013. Green human resource management: A review and research agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(1), pp.1-14. Rondeau, K.V. and Wagar, T.H., 2016. Human resource management practices and nursing turnover.Journal of Nursing Education and Practice,6(10), p.101. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C. and Chung, C., 2016.Globalizing human resource management. Routledge.

Sky Telescope essays

Sky Telescope essays The magazine Sky s going on outside our galaxy. This magazine is also helpful in showing astronomers new ways to look at stars. Certain articles can help with finding focal points, which elements of the spectrum to use to view certain stars, and how to get the best photo images as possible. Sky t have telescopes. They always seem to find some of the best pictures to use in their magazine. Sky If youre having trouble finding out the latest missions in Space Exploration, you can go to Sky The article I researched explained the possible Future of the Universe. At the beginning, it explains the different possible types of universe: flat, closed, and open. A closed universe, caused theoretically by the Big Bang Theory, will make the universe collapse on itself over a period of time. An open universe can keep expanding, because there are no barriers to make it collapse on itself like a closed universe. The flat universe may keep expanding, but it will be at such a slow rate that it will seem to approach a standstill. The article is explained more easily through a cosmic time line. The age of the universe starts with the Big Bang then ...

Popular Conspiracy Theories About Lincolns Assassination

Popular Conspiracy Theories About Lincoln's Assassination Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) is one of the most famous Presidents of the United States. Volumes are devoted to his life and death. However, historians have yet to unravel the mysteries surrounding his assassination. The Assassination Abraham Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln attended the play, Our American Cousin at Fords Theatre on April 14, 1865. They were to be accompanied by General Ulysses S. Grant and his wife Julia Dent Grant. However, Grant and his wife changed their plans and did not attend the play. The Lincolns attended the play with Clara Harris and Henry Rathbone. During the play, actor John Wilkes Booth entered Lincolns State Box undetected and shot him in the back of the head. He also stabbed Henry Rathbone in the arm. After shooting the President, Booth jumped out of the box onto the stage, broke his left leg and yelled something that some eyewitnesses reported as, Sic Semper Tyrannus (As always to tyrants). Failed Assassinations by Co-conspirators Co-conspirator Lewis Powell (or Paine/Payne) attempted to assassinate Secretary of State William Seward, but only managed to injure him. David Herold accompanied Powell. However, Herold fled before the deed was finished. At the same time, George Atzerodt was supposed to have killed Vice-President, Andrew Johnson. Atzerodt did not go through with the assassination. Booth and Herold escaped the Capital and traveled to Mary Surratts Tavern in Maryland where they picked up supplies. They then traveled to Dr. Samuel Mudds house where Booths leg was set. Lincoln's Death Lincoln was taken to the Petersen House across the street from Fords Theater where he eventually died at 7:22 A.M. April 15, 1865. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton stayed with the Lincolns at the Petersen House and coordinated the efforts to capture the conspirators. Sentences of Deaths of the Conspirators On April 26, Herold and Booth were found hiding in a barn near Port Royal, Virginia. Herold surrendered but Booth refused to come out of the barn so it was set on fire. In the ensuing chaos, a soldier shot and killed Booth. Eight Lincoln conspirators were caught over the next few days and tried by a military court. They were found guilty on June 30 and given various sentences depending upon their involvement. Lewis Powell (Paine), David Herold, George Atzerodt and Mary Surratt were charged with conspiring with Booth along with various other crimes and hanged on July 7, 1865. Dr. Samuel Mudd was charged with conspiring with Booth and sentenced to life in prison. Andrew Johnson eventually pardoned him early in 1869. Samuel Arnold and Michael OLaughlen had conspired with Booth to kidnap President Lincoln and were found guilty and sentenced to life. OLaughlen died in prison but Arnold was pardoned by Johnson in 1869. Edman Spangler was found guilty of helping Booth escape from Fords Theater. He was also pardoned by Johnson in 1869. Pre-Assassination Abduction Was assassination the first goal? The general consensus today is that the first goal of the conspirators had been to kidnap the President. A few attempts to kidnap Lincoln fell through, and then the Confederacy surrendered to the North. Booths thoughts turned to killing the President. Up until recent times, however, there was a great deal of speculation as to the existence of an abduction plot. Some people felt it might be used to exonerate the hanged conspirators. Even the judge advocates feared talk of an abduction plot might lead to an innocent verdict for some if not all of the conspirators. They are believed to have suppressed important evidence such as John Wilkes Booths diary. (Hanchett, The Lincoln Murder Conspiracies, 107) On the other side, some people argued for the existence of a kidnapping plot because it bolstered their desire to connect Booth with a larger conspiracy masterminded by the Confederacy. With the abduction plot established, the question remains: Who was act ually behind and involved in the assassination of the President? The Simple Conspiracy Theory The simple conspiracy in its most basic form states that Booth and a small group of friends at first planned to kidnap the president. This eventually resulted in the assassination. In fact, the conspirators were to also assassinate Vice-President Johnson and Secretary of State Seward at the same time dealing a major blow to the government of the United States. Their goal was to give the South a chance to rise again. Booth saw himself as a hero. In his diary, John Wilkes Booth claimed that Abraham Lincoln was a tyrant and that Booth should be praised just as Brutus was for killing Julius Caesar. (Hanchett, 246) When Abraham Lincoln Secretaries Nicolay and Hay wrote their ten-volume biography of Lincoln in 1890 they presented the assassination as a simple conspiracy. (Hanchett, 102) The Grand Conspiracy Theory Even though personal Secretaries of Lincoln presented the simple conspiracy as the most likely scenario, they acknowledged that Booth and his co-conspirators had suspicious contacts with Confederate leaders. (Hanchett, 102). The Grand Conspiracy theory focuses on these connections between Booth and Confederate leaders in the south. Many variations exist of this theory. For example, it has been said that Booth had contact with Confederate leaders in Canada. It is worth noting that in April 1865 President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation offering a reward for the arrest of Jefferson Davis in connection with the Lincoln assassination. He was arrested because of the evidence by an individual named Conover who was later found to have given false testimony. The Republican Party also allowed the idea of the Grand Conspiracy to fall by the wayside because Lincoln had to be a martyr, and they did not want his reputation sullied with the idea that anyone would want him killed but a madman. Eisenschmil's Grand Conspiracy Theory This conspiracy theory was a fresh look at the Lincoln assassination as investigated by Otto Eisenschiml and reported in his book Why Was Lincoln Murdered? It implicated the divisive figure Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Eisenschiml purported that the traditional explanation of Lincolns assassination was unsatisfactory. (Hanchett, 157). This shaky theory is based on the supposition that General Grant would not have changed his plans to accompany the President to the theater on April 14th without an order. Eisenschiml reasoned that Stanton must have been involved in Grants decision because he is the only person other than Lincoln from whom Grant would have taken orders. Eisenschiml goes on to offer ulterior motives for many of the actions Stanton took immediately after the assassination. He supposedly left one escape route out of Washington, the one Booth just happened to take. The presidential guard, John F. Parker, was never punished for leaving his post. Eisenschiml also states th at the conspirators were hooded, killed and/or shipped off to a remote prison so they could never implicate anyone else. However, this is exactly the point where Eisenschimls theory collapses as do most other grand conspiracy theories. Several of the conspirators had ample time and opportunity to speak and implicate Stanton and numerous others if a grand conspiracy truly existed. (Hanchett, 180) They were questioned many times during captivity and, in fact, were not hooded through the entire trial. In addition, after being pardoned and released from prison, Spangler, Mudd, and Arnold never implicated anyone. One would think that men who reportedly hated the Union would relish the thought of toppling the leadership of the United States by implicating Stanton, one of the men instrumental in the Souths destruction. Lesser Conspiracies Numerous other Lincoln assassination conspiracy theories exist. Two of the most interesting, albeit incredible, involve Andrew Johnson and the papacy. Members of Congress tried to implicate Andrew Johnson in the assassination. They even called a special committee to investigate in 1867. The committee could not find any links between Johnson and the killing. It is interesting to note that Congress impeached Johnson that same year. The second theory as proposed by Emmett McLoughlin and others is that the Roman Catholic Church had reason to hate Abraham Lincoln. This is based on Lincolns legal defense of a former Priest against the Bishop of Chicago. This theory is further enhanced by the fact that the Catholic John H. Surratt, the son of Mary Surratt, fled America and ended up in the Vatican. However, the evidence connecting Pope Pius IX with the assassination is dubious at best. Conclusion The assassination of Abraham Lincoln has gone through many revisions during the past 153 years. Immediately following the tragedy, the Grand Conspiracy involving the Confederate leaders was the most widely accepted. Around the turn of the century, the Simple Conspiracy theory had gained a position of prominence. In the 1930s, Eisenschimls Grand Conspiracy theory arose with the publication of Why Was Lincoln Murdered? In addition, the years have been sprinkled with other outlandish conspiracies to explain the assassination. As time has passed, one thing is true, Lincoln has become and will remain an American icon lauded with an impressive strength of will and given credit for saving our nation from division and moral oblivion. Source Hanchett, William. The Lincoln Murder Conspiracies. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983.

Ethical Cse Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Ethical Cse Study - Essay Example Therefore it would be better for Jerry McCall to keep away from giving the patient any possible supply of Valium as it is a case of transgression on his part. It would not be any different if the medication requested is for the control of high blood pressure. The case remains the same more or less. This is because then again it is one form of medication that is required to be given by Jerry McCall or any other office assistant at Dr. Williams’ office (Hobkirk, 2011). Jerry McCall would in such a situation ask for advice from Dr. Williams because Dr. Williams would be the best person to seek suggestions from. The patient who is undergoing high blood pressure would then have to ask for assistance from Dr. Williams and would not rely on Jerry McCall’s help and assistance. Jerry McCall will not be protected from a lawsuit under the doctrine of respondent superior in case a patient has an adverse reaction whilst having a flight. Jerry McCall would have to face charges because he is the one who administered medication to the patient. This would also call for charges against Dr. Williams because it is his office that eventually gave the medication to the patient. Even though the medication was ill-advised and uncalled for, the role of Jerry McCall is all the more important (Weber, 2000). This is because he must not provide medication to individuals (patients) as he is unqualified for the post. Since he is an office assistant, he should only stick to what he has been hired for. The lawsuit would therefore be imposed on Jerry McCall and Dr. Williams for their negligence and in putting up with a situation that they could have avoided to begin with. My advice to Jerry McCall would be to make sure that he performs his job to the best of his abilities and not to interfere within the work domains of Dr. Williams. Through this mannerism, he will

Analyze how spiderman fits the classic heroic models while still Essay

Analyze how spiderman fits the classic heroic models while still presenting a uniquely american prespective - Essay Example For example, in the film Spiderman, when the super hero saves her, the character of Aunt May says, â€Å"Everybody loves a hero. People line up for them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.just to get a glimpse of the one who taught them how to hold on a second longer. I believe theres a hero in all of us, that keeps us honest, gives us strength, makes us noble†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  In mythology, a classic hero is a character who has a problem and must fight to overcome it. In classic mythology, a hero always had to make a journey and he is required to pass through many tests and ordeals as he comes up against forces of evil, however what ultimately helps him to overcome the ordeal and win is confronting his own nature.(Campbell, 1993). According to Campbell, the mythological hero sets forth from his hut or castle and proceeds to the threshold of adventure. There he must move forward fighting the forces of evil in the world of darkness and evil. When he returns , the boon that he brings is able to restore the world. This hero journey model essentially begins with the introduction of the character and his problem, then it follows him through several stages until he finally gets his reward. This classic pattern is also reiterated in Spiderman, whose alter ego is Peter Parker, the typically conflicted hero who is nerdy and a geek, but who rises above his limitations to achieve self knowledge and becomes a force to reckon with, as he fights the forces of evil so that good can triumph. At first, he is just an ordinary guy who lives with his aunt and Uncle and pines for the girl next door – Mary Jane – who is the shallow but popular school leader’s girlfriend. The threshold of the adventure begins when Parker is bitten by a spider and acquires unusual powers, such as the ability to spin webs, a spider sense which tingles in the presence of evil and superb acrobatic strength. He then begins the

Poisoning In The Home Environmental Sciences Essay

Poisoning In The Home Environmental Sciences Essay Unintentional or accidental poisoning is a significant global public health problem. In 2004, an estimated 346000 people died worldwide from unintentional poisoning.[1]This appears to be an important health threat as it has crucial implications of costs and potential years of life lost. There are various categories of substances that may leads to poisoning and children are usually at greater risk due to developmental incompetencies and their dependence on adults for their care and well-being.[2] According to the report from National Poison Centre(NPC) of Malaysia, a total of 929 cases of poison exposure inquiries were handled by NPC from the years 1996 to 2000. The age and gender distributions are shown in table 1 implicating children younger than 9 years old has the highest incidence of exposure to poisonous substances. As for gender, a male predominance was noted throughout the five year period.[3] C:UserscmhPicturesScreenShot159.bmp Table 1: Age and gender distributions of poisoned patients from 1996 to 2000 Some common substances involved in poisoning cases are pesticides, medicines, household products, detergents and food. From the statistics, it can be concluded that pesticides is the most common substance that leads to poisoning followed by pharmaceuticals and household products.[3] Thus, care must be taken especially at home to avoid exposure to these poisonous substances. C:UserscmhPicturesScreenShot160.bmp Table 2: Distribution of categories of substances implicated in poisonings 1996 to 2000 Throughout the years, there was an increasing trend in the number of poison exposure as shown in Figure 1. The number of poisoning cases showed an increase with an average of 611 enquiries per year. Distributions of poisoning cases are almost the same with the previous years, with the majority cases involving agrochemicals and followed by pharmaceuticals and household chemicals.[2] Figure 1: Number of poisoning cases in Malaysia from year 2001 to 2005 Pesticides There are a wide variety of tools available for pest control in residential environments, including the use of chemical pesticides as well as various non-chemical techniques. Broadly defined, a pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended to kill, repel, or control certain forms of plant or animal life that are considered to be pests. [4] Pests are living organisms that bother, injure, or cause damage to buildings, plants, humans, and animals, including pets. [4, 5] Pesticide is used in public health to kill vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture, to kill pests that damage crops. [4] There are various way to classified pesticides for instant it can be categorized by the types of pests it control, the chemical composition of the pesticides, or by hazard of the pesticides. [5, 6] The most common method of classification would be according to the chemical composition of the pesticides itself as different pesticides may be composed of different chemical compound. The chemical category of pesticides includes organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, synthetic pyrethroids, inorganic, organic (botanical and microbial), and lastly the miscellaneous. [6] All of these chemical compound works in different routes in controlling pest as different chemicals may have different mechanism of action. Organochlorine (OC) Figure 2. Chemical structure of organochlorine [7] Organochlorine pesticides are hydrocarbon compounds containing multiple chlorine substitutions. There are four main types of OC pesticides; dichlorodiphenylethanes; cyclodienes; chlorinated benzenes; and cyclohexanes. All share a similar pair of carbon rings, one ring being heavily chlorinated. They are the synthetic organic pesticides that are earliest discovered and used. Their characteristics are broad-spectrum, long residual effect and relatively low toxicity. However, due to their stable chemical nature, they are hard to break down in the natural environment. Prolonged use in large quantities will easily lead to environmental pollution and accumulation in mammals, resulting in cumulative poisoning or damage.   Organochlorine pesticides are therefore banned under general circumstances and gradually replaced by other pesticides. [7] Organophosphate Figure 3. Chemical structure of organophosphate [8] Organophosphate pesticides are synthetic in origin and are normally esters, amides, or thiol derivatives of phosphoric, phosphonic, phosphorothioic, or phosphonothioic acids. They are characterised by their multiple functions and the capacity of controlling a broad spectrum of pests. Organophosphate pesticides (as well as sarin and  VX  nerve agent) irreversibly inactivate acetylcholinesterase, which is essential to nerve function in insects, humans, and many other animals.   They are nerve poisons that can be used not only as stomach poison but also as contact poison and fumigant. These pesticides are also biodegradable, cause minimum environmental pollution and slow pest resistance. Temephos and F enitrothion are examples of organophosphate pesticides. [8] Carbamate Figure 4. Chemical structure of carbamate [9] Carbamates  are  organic compounds  derived from  carbamic acid  (NH2COOH). A carbamate group, carbamate  ester, and carbamic acids are  functional groups  that are inter-related structurally and often are interconverted chemically. Carbamate esters are also called  urethanes. Carbamate pesticides work on the same principle as organophosphate pesticides by affecting the transmission of nerve signals resulting in the death of the pest by poisoning. They can be used as stomach and contact poisons as well as fumigant. Moreover, as their molecular structures are largely similar to that of natural organic substances, they can be degraded easily in a natural manner with minimum environmental pollution. Propoxur is an example of carbamate pesticides.[9] Synthetic pyrethroids Figure 5. Chemical structure of synthetic pyrethroids [10] Synthetic-pyrethroid pesticides are a pesticide synthesized by imitating the structure of natural pyrethrins, which are taken from pyrethrum, the oleoresin extract of dried chrysanthemum flowers. The insecticidal properties of pyrethrins are derived from ketoalcoholic esters of chrysanthemic acid and pyrethroic acid. They are  axonic  poisons and cause  paralysis  of an organism by keeping the  sodium channels  open in the neuronal membranes. The sodium channel is a  membrane protein  with a  hydrophilic  interior. This interior is a tiny hole which is shaped precisely to strip away the partially charged water molecules from a sodium ion and create a favorable way for sodium ions to pass through the membrane, enter the axon, and propagate an  action potential. When the toxin keeps the channels in their open state, the nerves cannot de-excite, so the organism is paralyzed. They are comparatively more stable with longer residual effects than natural pyrethrins. Sy nthetic-pyrethroid pesticides are highly toxic to insects but of only slight toxicity to mammals. A llethrin and Permethrin are examples of synthetic-pyrethroid pesticides. [10] Inorganic pesticide Inorganic pesticide refers to compounds that include heavy metals such as arsenic, copper sulfates, lead, cadmium, and mercury. They do not degrade readily and persist long in the system. Arsenic  works by coagulates proteins, form complexes with coenzymes which is then inhibits the production of ATP. Like cadmium and mercury, it can substitute for phosphorous in some biochemical processes. Mercury  has a strong affinity for sulfhydryl groups (SH) in proteins, enzymes, hemoglobin and serum albumin. The Central Nervous system is affected by damage to the blood-brain barrier; transfer of metabolites such as amino acids in the brain is not properly regulated. Cadmium  affects enzymes responsible for the reabsorption of proteins in kidney tubules. It also affects the functioning of enzymes such as ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase). Cadmium is substituted for zinc as both metals are similar in solution. Arsenic was commonly used as arsenic trioxide (As2O3) or arsenous acid and mercury as mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Inorganic pesticides were often used in powder, paste, or dip form. The pesticide residue stays on the object and continues to be an effective insect killer for a long time. [11] Organic pesticide Organic pesticides are carbon-based compounds that include pesticides such as Naphthalene and Paradichlorobenzene (PDB), two chemicals commonly known as mothballs. Naphthalene and PDB are applied as a solid (in mothball and flake form) and sublimate, acting as a fumigant. The fumes from these materials kill insects and work best in tightly closed spaces. The pesticide residue is expected to evaporate over time. Old collections often smell of these pesticides and it is not clearly understood how long it takes for the chemicals to completely sublimate in the museum environment. [12] Miscellaneous There are wide variety of commercial product of miscellaneous pesticides including 4-Aminipyridine, calcium cyanamide, creosote, endothall, metakdehyde, and sodium chlorate. 4-aminopyridine is a highly toxic white powder used as a bird repellent. It works by making one or two birds acutely ill, thus warning off the remaining birds by cries of dostress.it is toxic to vertebrates. Calcium cynamide incorporated into soil to serve as fertilizer, fungicide, and herbicides. Creosote is extensively used as a wood preservatives, usually by high-pressure impregnation of lumber.it has also been used as an animal dip and disinfectant. Endothall can act as the free acid or as sodium, potassium, or amine salts. It is used as a contact herbicide, defoliant, aquatic herbicide, and algaecide. Methaldehyde is a four-unit cyclic polymer of acetaldehyde which has long been used to kill slug and snails, which attracted to it without the use of bait. Sodium chlorate is used in agriculture as a defoliant, nonselective contact herbicide, and semi-permanent soil sterilant. [13] Pesticides Classified by Chemical Category Category Examples Organochlorines* Aldrin, chlordane, DDT Organophosphates chlorpyrifos (Dursban), diazinon, acephate (Orthene), malathion Carbamates carbaryl (Sevin), propoxur (Baygon) Synthetic pyrethroids permethrin, resmethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin Inorganic boric acid, chlorates, cryolite, diatomaceous earth, silica aerogel, chromated copper arsenate (CCA) Organic (botanical) garlic, limonene, neem, nicotine, pyrethrum, rotenone, ryania, sabadilla Miscellaneous Horticultural oils, insect growth regulators, insecticidal soaps, insect pheromones Table 3. Major chemical classes of pesticides Type of Pesticide Activity Algaecides Control algae in bodies of water, including swimming pools. Antimicrobials Kill microorganisms that produce disease Attractants Attract specific pests using natural insect chemicals called pheromones that confuse the mating behavior of insects. Avicides Control pest birds. Biopesticides Naturally occurring substances with pesticidal properties. Defoliants Cause foliage to drop from a plant, typically to aid in the harvesting process. Desiccants Aid in the drying process of plants or insects, usually for laboratory purposes. Fumigants Produce vapors or gases to control air- or soilborne insects and diseases. Fungicides Destroy fungi that infect plants, animals, or people. Herbicides Control noxious weeds and other vegetation that are growing or competing with a desired species. Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) Accelerate or retard the rate of growth of insects. Insecticides Control or eliminate insects that affect plants, animals, or people. Miticides (Acaricides) Kill mites that live on plants, livestock, and people. Molluscicides Kill snails and slugs. Nematicides Kill nematodes, which are microscopic wormlike organisms that live in the soil and cause damage to food crops. Ovicides Control insect eggs through the application of low-sulfur petroleum oils to plants and animals. Piscicides Control pest fish. Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) Accelerate or retard the rate of growth of a plant. Predacides Control vertebrate pests. Repellents Repel pests such as mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and fleas. Rodenticides Control mice, rats, and other rodents. Table 4. Types of pesticides Pesticide Poisoning Pesticide poisoning occurs after exposure to pesticides. It may occur shortly after a single exposure (acute poisoning) or gradually after repeated exposures over a period of time (chronic poisoning).[17] Acute poisoning presents symptoms like headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea, blurred vision, excessive eye watering, sweating and excessive saliva. More severe case of acute poisoning may also lead to changes in heart rate, chest tightness, muscle weakness and twitching, difficulty breathing and walking, constricted pupils and incontinence. In very severe case of acute poisoning, seizures and unconsciousness may occur.[17] Chronic poisoning presents symptoms like muscle weakness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating and remember things, and generally feeling unwell.[17] The type of symptoms, how long they last and how severe they are may vary depending on factors such as the type and concentration of the pesticide used, the type and concentration of the pesticide used, the degree of exposure and the health and age of the person exposed. Many of the potential symptoms are not specific to pesticide poisoning. They may be due to other conditions, such as illness or allergy.[17] Most common pesticide poisoning: Mechanism of action/toxicity and signs and symptoms Table 5 shows most common pesticide poisoning. It is classified according to the class of chemical ingredient contained in pesticide. It also shows mechanism of action or toxicity, sign and symptoms treatment of pesticide poisoning of each class. Class Mechanism of action/toxicity Signs and symptoms Organophosphates Acephate (Orthene) Chlorphoxim (Baythion-C) Chlorpyrifos (Dursban, Lorsban) Diazinon Dimethoate (Cygon, DeFend) Ethoprop (Mocap) Fenitrothion (Sumithion) Fenthion (Baytex) Malathion (Cythion) Naled (Dibrome) Terbufos (Counter) Inhibit cholinesterase leading to excess acetylcholine CNS-anxiety, seizures, skeletal nerve-muscle junctions, autonomic ganglia-twitching, tachycardia, muscle weakness (nicotinic effects); peripheral cholinergic neuroeffector junctions- all faucets on- sweating, salivation, diarrhea, tearing (muscarinic effects); miosis (pinpoint pupils) most commonly, but 15 percent have mydriasis secondary to epinephrine release from adrenals due to nicotinic receptor stimulation. Carbamates Carbaryl (Sevin) Pirimicarb (Aphox, Rapid) Propoxur (Baygon) Timethacarb (Landrin) Other carbamates Reversible cholinesterase inhibition (carbamoyl- acetylcholinesterase [AChE] complex dissociates much more easily and quickly than OP-AChE complex) Cholinergic crisis with all faucets on; CNS depression with coma, seizures, hypotonicity in serious toxic exposures Organochlorines Chlorobenzilate Dicofol (Kelthane) Dienochlor (Pentac) Endosulfan Lindane (Kwell) Induction of hyperexcitable state in central and peripheral nervous system by disruption of normal flow of sodium and potassium across the axon membrane; may antagonize GABA- mediated inhibition in CNS. Seizures, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, paresthesias, incoordination, tremor/twitching following topical treatment for lice/scabies or accidental or intentional ingestion of liquid pesticide. Pyrethrins/pyrethroids Allethrin Cyfluthrin (Baythroid) Cypermethrin (Barricade, Cymbush, Cynoff, Demon) Deltamethrin Dimethrin Fenothrin Fenvalerate Permethrin (Ambush, Dragnet, Nix, Pounce) Remethrin Pyrethrins are derived from chrysanthemums; pyrethroids are synthetic compounds with longer half-lives; both can produce toxic effects on the nervous system but are not well absorbed and are effectively and quickly detoxified by mammalian liver enzyme systems. The most severe symptoms are seizures, though highly uncommon unless highly exposed (usually through ingestion of large quantities); tremor, incoordination, salivation, vomiting; topical exposure can produce short-term paresthesias, especially of the hands and face; a small portion of the population (1 to 3 percent) is allergic to pyrethrins/pyrethroids-resulting in symptoms ranging from nasal stuffiness to asthma. Bacillus thuringiensis Variety aizawai (Agree, Mattch) Variety israelensis (Aquabac, Skeetal) Variety kurstaki (Bactur, Dipel) Wide range of products derived from several varieties of this organism; highly limited effects on mammalian systems. Mild irritative pulmonary symptoms in some involved in manufacturing process, not in mixers or appliers; theoretical risk of respiratory infection in immunocompromised individuals; single corneal ulceration reported, successfully treated with standard antibiotics; mild gastroenteritis with heavy ingestion. Repellants Diethyltoluamide- DEET (Muskol, Off!, Skeeter Beater, Skeeter Cheater, Skintastic for Kids, others) Mechanism of toxicity unknown. CNS depression followed by seizures; rare unless applied excessively under occlusion; mild skin irritating effects with repeated use; corneal and mucosal irritation; nausea and vomiting with ingestion and, rarely, hypotension, tachycardia with heavy dermal exposureà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Table 5: Most common pesticide poisoning: Mechanism of action/toxicity and signs and symptoms [18] Possible harm of pesticide to the environment On objects, plants or animals: Pesticides can move away from the release site when they are on or in objects or organisms that move (or are moved) offsite. Pesticides may stick to shoes or clothing, to animal fur, or to blowing dust and be transferred to other surfaces. When pesticide handlers bring home or wear home contaminated personal protective equipment, work clothing, or other items, residues can rub off on carpeting, furniture, and laundry items and onto pets and people. [19] Harmful effect on nontarget plants and animals: Nontarget organisms may be harmed by pesticides in two ways. The pesticide may cause injury by contacting the nontarget organism directly. Another way is the pesticide may leave a residue that causes later injuries. [19] Harmful effect from direct contact: Pesticides may harm nontarget organisms that are present during a pesticide application. Poorly timed applications can kill bees and other pollinators that are active in or near the target site. Pesticides may harm other wildlife, too. Read the warnings and directions on the pesticide labeling carefully to avoid harming nontarget organisms during a pesticide application. Drift from the target site may injure wildlife, livestock, pets, sensitive plants, and people. For example, drift of herbicides can damage sensitive nearby plants, including crops, forests, or ornamental plantings. Drift also can kill beneficial parasites and predators that are near the target site.[19] Harmful effects from residues: A residue is the part of a pesticide that remains in the environment for a period of time following application or a spill. Pesticides usually break down into harmless components after they are released into an environment. The breakdown time ranges from less than a day to several years. The rate of pesticide breakdown depends mostly on the chemical structure of the pesticide active ingredient. Persistent pesticides leave residues that stay in the environment without breaking down for long periods of time. These pesticides are sometimes desirable, because they provide long-term pest control and may reduce the need for repeated applications. However, some persistent pesticides that are applied to or spilled on soil, plants, lumber, and other surfaces or into water can later cause harm to sensitive plants or animals, including humans, that contact them. While using persistent pesticides, consider whether their continued presence in the environment is likely to harm plants and animals. Sometimes animals can be harmed when they feed on plants or animals that have pesticide residues on or in them. [19] Harmful effects on surfaces Sometimes surfaces are harmed by pesticides or pesticide residues. Some surfaces may become discolored by contact with certain pesticides. Other surfaces may be pitted or marked by contact with some pesticides. Some pesticides can corrode or obstruct electronic systems or metal. Sometimes a pesticide will leave a visible deposit on the treated surface.[19] Safety Measures of the Use of Pesticide Many types of pesticides are obtainable to eliminate a particular pest and a variety of pesticide formulations are available to the consumers. Thus, it is crucial to choose the correct pesticide in order to control the pest(s) in the house, garden or lawn. To select the more appropriate pesticide for the targeted pest(s), consumer should:[20] Identify the insect, weed, disease, rodent or other pest that one is attempted to control. Consider utilizing alternative nonchemical control procedures if applicable. Purchase the least toxic pesticide product which will eliminate the pest. The pesticide should be purchased in a quantity for immediate use only. Before purchasing and using the pesticide products, consumers should read the label of the product.[20] Pesticides Labels Pesticides should be packed and labeled according to World Health Organization (WHO) specifications. The label should be in English and in local language. It is a legal document which should indicate the contents, safety instructions and possible measures in the events of swallowing or contamination. Table 6 below has incorporated the information provided in the pesticide label.[21] Trade, brand, or product names The trade name is each companys unique market name for the product. Ingredient statement This statement identifies every active ingredient, the percentage by weight for each active ingredient and the percentage by weight for all inert ingredients. Use classification statement The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies every pesticide product either as Restricted Use or Unclassified/General Use. The restricted use pesticides must include a special statement. Under law, only those persons who have been certified and receive specialized training can use these types of pesticides. Generally, most pesticide products used in and around the home setting are Unclassified/General Use pesticides. Name and address of manufacturer Emergency telephone number Registration number The EPA registration number indicates that the pesticide product has been registered and thats its label has been approved by the EPA. Signal words and symbols These words and symbols provide the user with an indication of the relative acute toxicity of the product to humans and animals. The statement keep out of reach of children must also be printed on the front panel of the label. Signal words Indication On the Products Caution Slightly toxic either orally, dermally, or through inhalation or cause slight eye and skin irritation. Warning Moderately toxic either orally, dermally, or through inhalation or cause moderate eye and skin irritation. Danger Cause severe eye damage or skin irritation. Danger (with poison and the skull crossbones symbol) Highly toxic by any route of entry. Precautionary statements Statements to help applicators decide what precautions to take to protect other persons or animals who may be exposed. Statement of practical treatment First aid treatments recommended in case of a poisoning. In addition, instructions for physicians and medical personnel may be included. Environmental hazards Usually only for the restricted-use pesticides.Statements can indicate that a product is especially hazardous to wildlife and include common sense procedures to avoid contamination of the environment. Physical or chemical hazards Describes any special fire, explosion, or chemical hazards the product may pose. Restricted entry level (REI) Provides information on the duration of time must pass between the last application of a pesticide and when people can reenter a treated area. Storage and disposal General instruction for the appriopriate storage and disposal of the pesticide and its container. Directions for use Provides instructions concerning the method employed to use the product, the type of pest to be treated, the application sites and any application equipment to be usedTable 6. Pesticide Label Information [20] In Malaysia, in order to facilitate the consumers to understand the level of toxicity of the pesticide products to human beings, there is a colour band indicating the toxicity class at the bottom of the label. The Malaysian Pesticide Board has classified all the registered pesticide into four classes (colors) according to their level of toxicity to human beings. http://www.mantegroup.com/images/ControlsPesticidesClasses.gif Figure 6: Classification of Pesticide Products by the Malaysian Pesticide Board. The indication of each class ( colour bands) are as follow: Class Colour Band Toxic Level Class 1 Black band for Class 1a Red band for Class 1b ( Both with a skull and crossbones symbol) Highly poisonous. Only used by trained personnels. Class 2 Yellow band. Poisonous Class 3 Blue band. Harmful Class 4 White band Least toxic group Table 7: Indication of the toxicity of each classes of pesticide product with their respective colour bands.[19] Protective Clothing During Pesticide Application The type of protective clothing and equipment needed depends on the pesticide being used and the extent of the pest elimination plan (size of the garden or lawn). Users should refer to the personal protection equipment (PPE) on the label for selection of protective clothing and equipment.At a minimum, consumers should have the following protective items while handling pesticide:[20] Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) Proper ways of using PPE Clean clothing Long-sleeved shirt, long trousers or coveralls made of tightly woven fabric or a water-repellant material. Cotton t-shirts or tank tops, shorts and sandals are unsuitable as they do not provide adequate protection during pesticide application. Rubber gloves Unlined and without a fabric wristband. Shirtsleeves should be worn over the gloves to prevent the spills from running down inside of the glove. Waterproof boots Pants legs should be worn over the boots and not tucked inside. Waterproof hat If required. Eye protection Safety goggles should be worn if needed. Dusts mask or cartridge respirator If required. Table 8: Proper ways of using personal protection equipmentUser Image: An appriopriately clothed pesticide user. (Image taken from: http://web.extension.illinois.edu ) Safety Measures While Handling Pesticides Generally, during pesticide application, the product might possibly enter the body via oral route, inhalation or dermal exposure. For oral exposure, user may ingest the pesticide through the mouth. For inhalation exposure, user may breathe in pesticide vapours, dust or spray particles. On the other hand, pesticide may also be absorbed into skin via dermal exposure to the product. Thus, it is essential to practice safety measures while handling the products in order to lower the risk of exposure to the pesticide.[20] Mixing During mixing, fill the spray tank about half full of water before adding in the chemical. Then, measure the recommended amount of chemical accurately according to the label instructions. Finish filling the spray tank with the correct amount of water, being careful not to spill or splash the mixture. All measuring utensils such as cups and spoons, containers and application equipment should be specifically marked and kept at the same place where pesticide are stored. After each use, the utensils should be washed thoroughly.[20] Use safe practices. Do not splash. Pour with care; illustration (37 Kb PDF file) Image: Proper technique in mixing pesticides (Image taken from: www.stewardshipcommunity.com ) Application of pesticides Upon using, the discharge from the sprayer should be directed away from the body. Leaking of equipment should be repaired. Organophosphorus and carbamate compounds should not be applied for more than 5-6 hours a day and the hands should be washed after every pump charge. Users should guard against the drifts of pesticide sprays or dusts by performing the application when there is no wind as some chemicals may drift in considerable distances if the right conditions exist. Users should not eat, drink or smoke while applying pesticides.[20] Spillage of Pesticide Upon spillage, users should clean up the spill immediately by using absorbent material such as sawdust, soil in order to soak up any spillage. The spillage and contaminated waste should then be collected and put into a bag or container and to be disposed accordingly.[21] Storage and disposal of pesticides Storage of pesticides in quantity by certified applicators, wholesalers, dealers and retailers must comply with the following: All pesticides stored in quantity must be stored in securely locked well ventilated rooms, well away from all food or feed items. The pesticides should be stored in such manner as to prevent fumes from contaminating food or feed. Pesticides should be separated during storage, preferably in bins, depending upon the type of pesticide. Each type of pesticide, i.e., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc., must be stored separately from each other.<