Psychology, Trait Theory And The Study Of Human...

In psychology, trait theory (also called dispositional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.[1] According to this perspective, traits are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are shy), and influence behavior. Traits are in contrast to states which are more transitory dispositions. In some theories and systems, traits are something a person either has or does not have, but in many others traits are dimensions such as extraversion vs. introversion, with each person rating somewhere along this spectrum. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Comparing EPQ and Big Five 2.1 Testing methodology, and factors 2.2 Lower-order factors 2.3 Causality 3 List of personality traits 4 See also 5 References History[edit] Gordon Allport was an early pioneer in the study of traits, which he also referred to as dispositions. In his approach, cardinal traits are those that dominate and shape a person s behavior; their ruling passions/obsessions, such as a need for money, fame etc. By contrast, central traits such as honesty are characteristics found in some degree in every person - and finally secondary traits are those seen only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know), which are included to provide a completeShow MoreRelatedThe Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality903 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Personality Theories Introduction In psychology, personality can be described as the the patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion unique to an individual, and the ways they interact to help or hinder the adjustment of a person to other people and situations (personality, 2012). Psychologists may make use of idiographic or nomothetic techniques in order to study personality of an individual. 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Comparing dispositional, biological, and evolutionary theories indicates the similarities andRead MoreThe Theories Of Personality, By Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Albert Bandura, And Raymond Cattell1568 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to understanding the theories of personality, there are several psychologists that put their input in to help us understand the theories of personality. The individuals that have contributed to the theories of personality and have made us understand the topic more would be Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Albert Bandura, and Raymond Cattell. Abraham Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York April 1, 1908. As a young child, Abraham was the oldest child out of seven brothers and sister. â€Å"HisRead MorePersonality Stability and Change in Trait Theories of Allport and Eysenck990 Words   |  4 PagesThe evaluation of personality stability and change across the life span is largely determined by theoretical beliefs. While some scholars have a more deterministic viewpoint and consider human personality as fairly predictable and stable over time (e.g. biogenetic determinism), other theorists view personality as fluid and highly malleable (e.g. behaviorism). The intermediate stance assumes a bidirectional relationship between heredity and environment, which allows for both consistency and changeRead MoreDifferential Psychology : Cognitive Ability1723 Words   |  7 PagesDIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2 Differential Psychology Differential psychology is the study of individual differences. To effectively study differential psychology, one must survey several domains of individual differences. These domains include differences in behavior, personality, cognition, orientation and affect. Differential psychology focuses on these domains, by studying differences in our actions, emotions, intelligences, needs and activities. (Revelle, Wilt, Condon, 2011). ThisRead MoreIntroduction to Personality Essay940 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction to Personality Personality has been part of debate amongst theorists for decades. Many theories have been developed about what human personality is and how it develops. Even after so many years of research and studies, no one definition has been agreed by all theorists. This paper will briefly talk about different aspects of personality and what influence in the development of personality. A persons personality is made up with his or her interests, attitude, behavioral patternsRead MoreDispositional, Evolutionary And Evolutionary Theory1283 Words   |  6 PagesEvolutionary Theory Nicholas DeRico PSY/405 August 24, 2015 Dispositional, Biological and Evolutionary Theory Abstract There are many theories that attempt to clarify the structures that influence personality, for example dispositional, and Evolutionary theory. This paper will discuss the differences that are among dispositional and evolutionary personality theories, as well as, strengths and limitations of dispositional and evolutionary and biological personality theories their bearing on human behaviorRead MoreBiological Personality Trait Theory753 Words   |  3 Pageswith a personality. This means that all individuals have their own characteristics, moods, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Personality is both an individual experience, as each person experiences specific combinations that are unique, and a global experience, as humans often share similar traits (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014). As humanity has expanded, so has interest in discovering what causes the developments of specific personality traits. While some have believed that personality is strictly

Morality of a Fetus Free Essays

Is It All About the Morality of the Fetus? Today in the United States as well as all around our world, one of the most contested and debated issues, that everyone has some sort of opinion on is the subject of abortion. There are many different thoughts, ideals, and opinions on whether or not abortion is right, wrong, or even morally sane to do. There are clinics and hospitals that perform the procedures and at many of these locations there are groups who will hold protests against the operation as well as those who support it. We will write a custom essay sample on Morality of a Fetus or any similar topic only for you Order Now But all of those issues are not what this essay is going to be about, this is going to inform you about whether or not all arguments about the subject abortion come down to the question of what is the moral status of the fetus. To first examine whether or not all arguments come down to the moral status of a fetus, we must first know what the definition of moral status is. The argument of the moral status of a fetus involves whether or not the fetus has the same standing or has the same legal status as a born and living human being. The moral status of any human can be legally developed and justified but does a fetus carry this same status with it? In this essay I want to show that not all arguments about abortion come down to the moral status of a fetus, although it can be one on the forefront, it is not the bottom line and where all arguments can come down to. One of the most prolific examples of arguments about abortion is the Roe vs. Wade lawsuit in the state of Texas. Prior to this court suit, it was illegal, in most states, for a woman to receive an abortion during the first trimester of a pregnancy. â€Å"The Roe v. Wade decision held that a woman, with her doctor, could choose abortion in earlier months of pregnancy without legal restrictions, and with legal restrictions in later months, based on the right to privacy† (Lewis, J). Ultimately it was decided that most laws against abortion violated a constitutional right to privacy, and it overturned all state laws outlawing or unduly restricting abortion. To this day it is one of the most controversial decisions in US Supreme Court history (answers. com). Was the moral status of the fetus brought into question during this example, I am sure it was but, it was not what the argument was about, the issue was the privacy of the mother. Another example that comes to mind is a story told within a discussion in our class, one of our classmates tells a story about a young lady who was raped in her teens. This teen wanted to have an bortion however; the perpetrator or rapist in this case was found guilty and forced by the court that he would have to pay support for the baby once it was born. This caused the courts to also decide on whether or not once the individual was released from prison, would he have visitation rights to the child. The courts answer was yes and the mother carrying the fetus was not legally allowed to abort the pregnancy because the father would not agree, he had a right to the fetus he had fathered. Although there may have been some arguments about the moral status of the fetus contained within the court’s decision, I would have to think that the father’s rights came more into play as opposed to the mother’s and in this case I certainly disagree to this decision. Whether a person chooses to abort a pregnancy, it should be up to that person alone. It is there burden to live with for the remaining years of their lives, not ours. If a woman is raped, should they have to live with carrying that fetus to term and have to decide whether to raise the child with love or to give that child to adoption? I believe that the first argument is what the abortion would do to the mothers well being, is it for medical reasons that the abortion is needed? There are many different arguments for or against abortion and I do not think the moral status should come into question or come down to the moral status if there are other subjects to view first. As one can imagine there are many different arguments for or opposed to abortion, not all come down to the moral status of the fetus. It is going to be a subject of scrutiny and arguments for many years to come. Issues with its legality as well as its morality will be raised for years, and it is my hope that the final decision will stay with the woman who is pregnant and she does what is best for her. Works Cited Lewis, J. J. â€Å"Roe v. Wade Supreme Court Decision. † Web. 18 Jan. 2013. Retrieved from http://womenshistory. about. com/od/abortionuslegal/p/roe_v_wade. htm http://www. answers. com/topic/moral-status#ixzz2IM8JfrRr How to cite Morality of a Fetus, Papers

Models of Organizational Behavior free essay sample

These philosophies are sometimes explicit and occasionally implicit, in the minds of manager. Five major organizational behavior models includes autocratic, custodial, supportive, collegial and system. Selected Element of a Philosophy Statement * We are committed to quality, cost-effectiveness, and technical excellence. * People should treat each other with consideration, trust and respect. * Each person is valuable, is unique, and makes a contribution. * All employees should be unfailingly committed to excellent performance. Teamwork can, and should, produce far more than the sum of individual efforts. Team members must be reliable and committed to the team. * Innovation is essential * Open communications are important for attaining success. * Decision should be reached participatively. Two sources of Philosophy of Organizational Behavior * Fact Premise are acquired through direct and indirect lifelong learning and are very useful in guiding our behavior. * Value Premise represent o ur views of the desirability of certain goals and activities. Value premises are variable beliefs we hold and are therefore under our control. Values the rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong, should and shouldn’t, good and bad. They also tell us which are more or less important, which is useful when we have to trade off meeting one value over another. Vision It represents a challenging portrait of the organization and its member can be – a possible, and desirable future. Leaders need to create exciting projections about the organization should go and what major changes lie ahead. Once the vision is established, persistent and enthusiastic communication is required to sell it throughout the ranks of employees so they will embrace it with commitment. Mission Identifies the business it is in, the market niches it tries to serve, the types of customers it is likely to have, and the reasons for its existence. It even includes a brief listing of the competitive advantages, or strengths, that the firm believes it has. It is more descriptive and less future-oriented than vision. It needs to be converted to goal to become operational and useful. Goals are relatively concrete formulations of achievements the organization is aiming for within set periods of time, such as one to five years. Goal setting is a complex process, for top management’s goals need to be merged with those of employees, who bring their psychological, social, and economic needs with them to an organization. McGregor’s Theory X and Y, Alternative Sets of Assumption about Employees Theory x * The typical person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. The typical person lacks responsibility, has little ambition, and seeks security above all. * Most people must be coerced, controlled, and threaten with punishment to get them to work. * Managerial role is to coerce and control employees Theory Y * Work is natural as play or rest. * People are not inherently lazy. They have become that way as result of experience. * People will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which they are committed. * People have potential. Under proper conditions they learn to accept and seek responsibility. They have imagination, ingenuity, and creativity that can be applied to work. * Managerial role is to develop the potential in employees and help them release that potential toward common objective. Paradigms/Frameworks * Models such as Theory X and Y are also called paradigms, or frameworks of possible explanations for managers. * Managers begin with certain assumptions about people and leads to certain interpretations, implications, and even predictions of events. Importance of Paradigms/Framework * They influence managerial perceptions of the world around them. They define one’s boundaries and proved prescriptions for how to behave. * They encouraged resistance to change, since they have often worked in the past. They may either consciously or unconsciously affect ones behavior. * When new paradigms appear, they provide alternative ways of viewing the world and solving problems. Table 2. 5 models of organizational behavior Facilitators Roles for Managers in the System Model of OB * Support employee commitment to short and long term goals. * Coach individuals and groups in the appropriate skills and behaviors. Model and foster self-esteem. * Show genuine concern and empathy for people. * Offer timely and acceptable feedback. * Influence people to learn continuously and share that learning with others. * Help individuals identify and confront issues in ethical ways. * Stimulate insights through interviews, questions, and suggestions. * Encourage people to feel comfortable with change and uncertainty. * Build cohesive, productive work teams Conclusion about the Models * Evolving usage * Manager/organization use the models tends to evolve over time. There is no one permanently â€Å"best† model. Primary challenge to management is to identify the model it is actually using and then assess its current effectiveness. * Relation of Models to Human Needs * The five models are closely related to human needs. * Each model is build upon the accomplishments of the other. * Increasing use of some models * The trend toward the supportive, collegial and system models will probably continue. * Only these newer models can offer the satisfaction of the employees needs for esteem, autonomy and self-actualization. Contingent Use of All Models * Though model may be most used at any given time, some appropriate uses will remain for other models. * The five models will continue to be used, but the more advanced models will have growing use as progress is made and employee expectations rise. * Managerial Flexibility * Managers need to identify their current behavioral model and must keep it flexible and current. * Managers need to read, reflect, to interact with others, and to be receptive to ch allenges to their thinking from their colleagues and employees.