Psychology, Trait Theory And The Study Of Human...

In psychology, trait theory (also called dispositional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.[1] According to this perspective, traits are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are shy), and influence behavior. Traits are in contrast to states which are more transitory dispositions. In some theories and systems, traits are something a person either has or does not have, but in many others traits are dimensions such as extraversion vs. introversion, with each person rating somewhere along this spectrum. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Comparing EPQ and Big Five 2.1 Testing methodology, and factors 2.2 Lower-order factors 2.3 Causality 3 List of personality traits 4 See also 5 References History[edit] Gordon Allport was an early pioneer in the study of traits, which he also referred to as dispositions. In his approach, cardinal traits are those that dominate and shape a person s behavior; their ruling passions/obsessions, such as a need for money, fame etc. By contrast, central traits such as honesty are characteristics found in some degree in every person - and finally secondary traits are those seen only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know), which are included to provide a completeShow MoreRelatedThe Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality903 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Personality Theories Introduction In psychology, personality can be described as the the patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion unique to an individual, and the ways they interact to help or hinder the adjustment of a person to other people and situations (personality, 2012). Psychologists may make use of idiographic or nomothetic techniques in order to study personality of an individual. Many characteristics of human behavior can be examined while studying ones personality. To putRead MorePsychology : The Positive Psychology Movement1269 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most recent branches of psychology to emerge is the positive psychology movement. Based on the text, positive psychology is one of the most important aspects in determining how to enhance the personality by helping individuals recognize their human potential to learn and achieve. In this assignment one will compare the view points of Maslow, Rogers, and the positive psychology movement concerning individual personality. Recent studies have shown that personality theory and assessment plays an importantRead MorePersonality Is A Quite Strange, In Seems To Be Only An1285 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality is a quite strange, in seems to be only an observational demeanor perceived as a main study, but how this comportment come to be is unique on its own. Understanding both sides is absolutely indispensable for understanding the way an individual deports, and how people can come to deport in a certain way. Personality is a prevalent string that threads its way through the life of every person on earth, subsequently making each person s comportment different from the next. There are a numberRead MoreDispositional Essay example1154 Words   |  5 Pages Biological, and Evolutionary Psychology University of Phoenix Dispositional, Biological, and Evolutionary Psychology Personality theory has come a long way since its beginning in psychology. Many theorists have based their work on theorists before them, but made changes that indicate that the characteristics of the individual affects the ideas behind their work (Feist, Feist, amp; Roberts, 2013). Comparing dispositional, biological, and evolutionary theories indicates the similarities andRead MoreThe Theories Of Personality, By Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Albert Bandura, And Raymond Cattell1568 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to understanding the theories of personality, there are several psychologists that put their input in to help us understand the theories of personality. The individuals that have contributed to the theories of personality and have made us understand the topic more would be Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Albert Bandura, and Raymond Cattell. Abraham Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York April 1, 1908. As a young child, Abraham was the oldest child out of seven brothers and sister. â€Å"HisRead MorePersonality Stability and Change in Trait Theories of Allport and Eysenck990 Words   |  4 PagesThe evaluation of personality stability and change across the life span is largely determined by theoretical beliefs. While some scholars have a more deterministic viewpoint and consider human personality as fairly predictable and stable over time (e.g. biogenetic determinism), other theorists view personality as fluid and highly malleable (e.g. behaviorism). The intermediate stance assumes a bidirectional relationship between heredity and environment, which allows for both consistency and changeRead MoreDifferential Psychology : Cognitive Ability1723 Words   |  7 PagesDIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2 Differential Psychology Differential psychology is the study of individual differences. To effectively study differential psychology, one must survey several domains of individual differences. These domains include differences in behavior, personality, cognition, orientation and affect. Differential psychology focuses on these domains, by studying differences in our actions, emotions, intelligences, needs and activities. (Revelle, Wilt, Condon, 2011). ThisRead MoreIntroduction to Personality Essay940 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction to Personality Personality has been part of debate amongst theorists for decades. Many theories have been developed about what human personality is and how it develops. Even after so many years of research and studies, no one definition has been agreed by all theorists. This paper will briefly talk about different aspects of personality and what influence in the development of personality. A persons personality is made up with his or her interests, attitude, behavioral patternsRead MoreDispositional, Evolutionary And Evolutionary Theory1283 Words   |  6 PagesEvolutionary Theory Nicholas DeRico PSY/405 August 24, 2015 Dispositional, Biological and Evolutionary Theory Abstract There are many theories that attempt to clarify the structures that influence personality, for example dispositional, and Evolutionary theory. This paper will discuss the differences that are among dispositional and evolutionary personality theories, as well as, strengths and limitations of dispositional and evolutionary and biological personality theories their bearing on human behaviorRead MoreBiological Personality Trait Theory753 Words   |  3 Pageswith a personality. This means that all individuals have their own characteristics, moods, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Personality is both an individual experience, as each person experiences specific combinations that are unique, and a global experience, as humans often share similar traits (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014). As humanity has expanded, so has interest in discovering what causes the developments of specific personality traits. While some have believed that personality is strictly

Morality of a Fetus Free Essays

Is It All About the Morality of the Fetus? Today in the United States as well as all around our world, one of the most contested and debated issues, that everyone has some sort of opinion on is the subject of abortion. There are many different thoughts, ideals, and opinions on whether or not abortion is right, wrong, or even morally sane to do. There are clinics and hospitals that perform the procedures and at many of these locations there are groups who will hold protests against the operation as well as those who support it. We will write a custom essay sample on Morality of a Fetus or any similar topic only for you Order Now But all of those issues are not what this essay is going to be about, this is going to inform you about whether or not all arguments about the subject abortion come down to the question of what is the moral status of the fetus. To first examine whether or not all arguments come down to the moral status of a fetus, we must first know what the definition of moral status is. The argument of the moral status of a fetus involves whether or not the fetus has the same standing or has the same legal status as a born and living human being. The moral status of any human can be legally developed and justified but does a fetus carry this same status with it? In this essay I want to show that not all arguments about abortion come down to the moral status of a fetus, although it can be one on the forefront, it is not the bottom line and where all arguments can come down to. One of the most prolific examples of arguments about abortion is the Roe vs. Wade lawsuit in the state of Texas. Prior to this court suit, it was illegal, in most states, for a woman to receive an abortion during the first trimester of a pregnancy. â€Å"The Roe v. Wade decision held that a woman, with her doctor, could choose abortion in earlier months of pregnancy without legal restrictions, and with legal restrictions in later months, based on the right to privacy† (Lewis, J). Ultimately it was decided that most laws against abortion violated a constitutional right to privacy, and it overturned all state laws outlawing or unduly restricting abortion. To this day it is one of the most controversial decisions in US Supreme Court history (answers. com). Was the moral status of the fetus brought into question during this example, I am sure it was but, it was not what the argument was about, the issue was the privacy of the mother. Another example that comes to mind is a story told within a discussion in our class, one of our classmates tells a story about a young lady who was raped in her teens. This teen wanted to have an bortion however; the perpetrator or rapist in this case was found guilty and forced by the court that he would have to pay support for the baby once it was born. This caused the courts to also decide on whether or not once the individual was released from prison, would he have visitation rights to the child. The courts answer was yes and the mother carrying the fetus was not legally allowed to abort the pregnancy because the father would not agree, he had a right to the fetus he had fathered. Although there may have been some arguments about the moral status of the fetus contained within the court’s decision, I would have to think that the father’s rights came more into play as opposed to the mother’s and in this case I certainly disagree to this decision. Whether a person chooses to abort a pregnancy, it should be up to that person alone. It is there burden to live with for the remaining years of their lives, not ours. If a woman is raped, should they have to live with carrying that fetus to term and have to decide whether to raise the child with love or to give that child to adoption? I believe that the first argument is what the abortion would do to the mothers well being, is it for medical reasons that the abortion is needed? There are many different arguments for or against abortion and I do not think the moral status should come into question or come down to the moral status if there are other subjects to view first. As one can imagine there are many different arguments for or opposed to abortion, not all come down to the moral status of the fetus. It is going to be a subject of scrutiny and arguments for many years to come. Issues with its legality as well as its morality will be raised for years, and it is my hope that the final decision will stay with the woman who is pregnant and she does what is best for her. Works Cited Lewis, J. J. â€Å"Roe v. Wade Supreme Court Decision. † Web. 18 Jan. 2013. Retrieved from http://womenshistory. about. com/od/abortionuslegal/p/roe_v_wade. htm http://www. answers. com/topic/moral-status#ixzz2IM8JfrRr How to cite Morality of a Fetus, Papers

Models of Organizational Behavior free essay sample

These philosophies are sometimes explicit and occasionally implicit, in the minds of manager. Five major organizational behavior models includes autocratic, custodial, supportive, collegial and system. Selected Element of a Philosophy Statement * We are committed to quality, cost-effectiveness, and technical excellence. * People should treat each other with consideration, trust and respect. * Each person is valuable, is unique, and makes a contribution. * All employees should be unfailingly committed to excellent performance. Teamwork can, and should, produce far more than the sum of individual efforts. Team members must be reliable and committed to the team. * Innovation is essential * Open communications are important for attaining success. * Decision should be reached participatively. Two sources of Philosophy of Organizational Behavior * Fact Premise are acquired through direct and indirect lifelong learning and are very useful in guiding our behavior. * Value Premise represent o ur views of the desirability of certain goals and activities. Value premises are variable beliefs we hold and are therefore under our control. Values the rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong, should and shouldn’t, good and bad. They also tell us which are more or less important, which is useful when we have to trade off meeting one value over another. Vision It represents a challenging portrait of the organization and its member can be – a possible, and desirable future. Leaders need to create exciting projections about the organization should go and what major changes lie ahead. Once the vision is established, persistent and enthusiastic communication is required to sell it throughout the ranks of employees so they will embrace it with commitment. Mission Identifies the business it is in, the market niches it tries to serve, the types of customers it is likely to have, and the reasons for its existence. It even includes a brief listing of the competitive advantages, or strengths, that the firm believes it has. It is more descriptive and less future-oriented than vision. It needs to be converted to goal to become operational and useful. Goals are relatively concrete formulations of achievements the organization is aiming for within set periods of time, such as one to five years. Goal setting is a complex process, for top management’s goals need to be merged with those of employees, who bring their psychological, social, and economic needs with them to an organization. McGregor’s Theory X and Y, Alternative Sets of Assumption about Employees Theory x * The typical person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. The typical person lacks responsibility, has little ambition, and seeks security above all. * Most people must be coerced, controlled, and threaten with punishment to get them to work. * Managerial role is to coerce and control employees Theory Y * Work is natural as play or rest. * People are not inherently lazy. They have become that way as result of experience. * People will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which they are committed. * People have potential. Under proper conditions they learn to accept and seek responsibility. They have imagination, ingenuity, and creativity that can be applied to work. * Managerial role is to develop the potential in employees and help them release that potential toward common objective. Paradigms/Frameworks * Models such as Theory X and Y are also called paradigms, or frameworks of possible explanations for managers. * Managers begin with certain assumptions about people and leads to certain interpretations, implications, and even predictions of events. Importance of Paradigms/Framework * They influence managerial perceptions of the world around them. They define one’s boundaries and proved prescriptions for how to behave. * They encouraged resistance to change, since they have often worked in the past. They may either consciously or unconsciously affect ones behavior. * When new paradigms appear, they provide alternative ways of viewing the world and solving problems. Table 2. 5 models of organizational behavior Facilitators Roles for Managers in the System Model of OB * Support employee commitment to short and long term goals. * Coach individuals and groups in the appropriate skills and behaviors. Model and foster self-esteem. * Show genuine concern and empathy for people. * Offer timely and acceptable feedback. * Influence people to learn continuously and share that learning with others. * Help individuals identify and confront issues in ethical ways. * Stimulate insights through interviews, questions, and suggestions. * Encourage people to feel comfortable with change and uncertainty. * Build cohesive, productive work teams Conclusion about the Models * Evolving usage * Manager/organization use the models tends to evolve over time. There is no one permanently â€Å"best† model. Primary challenge to management is to identify the model it is actually using and then assess its current effectiveness. * Relation of Models to Human Needs * The five models are closely related to human needs. * Each model is build upon the accomplishments of the other. * Increasing use of some models * The trend toward the supportive, collegial and system models will probably continue. * Only these newer models can offer the satisfaction of the employees needs for esteem, autonomy and self-actualization. Contingent Use of All Models * Though model may be most used at any given time, some appropriate uses will remain for other models. * The five models will continue to be used, but the more advanced models will have growing use as progress is made and employee expectations rise. * Managerial Flexibility * Managers need to identify their current behavioral model and must keep it flexible and current. * Managers need to read, reflect, to interact with others, and to be receptive to ch allenges to their thinking from their colleagues and employees.

Structure Of Dna Essays - Genetics, Molecular Biology, Nucleic Acids

Structure Of Dna The ?Thread of Life?, is deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA. This molecule which is the bases of life, is spiral shaped and found in the nucleus of cells. DNA has the genetic code for bodies, controls development of embryo's, and is able to repair damage caused to itself. All DNA molecules have linked units called nucleotides. These nucleotides have sub-units that have 5 carbon sugars that are called deoxyribose. DNA is composed of four bases called adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. These are some of the main principles of DNA. What we know today about structure of DNA begins in 1868 when a Swiss biologist Friedrich Miescher did the first experiments on the nuclei of cells. Miescher used the nuclei of pus cells from old medical bandages. In these pus cells he found What We know today about structure of DNA begins in 1868 when a Swiss biologist Friedrich Miescher did the first experiments on the nuclei of cells. Miescher used the nuclei of pus cells from old medical bandages. In these pus cells he found phosphorus with a substance he called nuclein. This nuclein has an acidic portion which is classified as DNA. Another scientist Thomas Hunt Morgan made an important discovery around 1900. He observed that certain characteristics were inherited quickly through numerous generations of fruit flies. So he made the conclusion that these genes must be near one another on the chromosome. In 1943 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty, three scientists working in the Rockefeller institute, preformed an exper iment by taking DNA from a virulent (disease-causing) strain of Streptococcus pneumonae and transformed a non-virulent (inactive) form back to a virulent form. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty discovered from their experiments that DNA carried a virulent message that can be transferred into the recipient of non-virulent cells. This proved that DNA was a carrier of genetic information. An important discovery of the 1940's was the discovery by Erwin Chargaff who established that ?heredity's alphabet? which are the four bases adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine(C) can occur in different orders in different organisms. In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick put forth a radical new idea about DNA. Their idea suggested that the DNA molecule was made up of two helical chains instead of three intertwined chains as previously thought. Today we have a strong knowledge of DNA and scientists are applying that knowledge to a three billion dollar project called the human genome project. This project will examine the structure of human DNA and map out every single gene in the human body and will take 15 years. The strong knowledge that we have of DNA allows the scientist to map out the genes at about 1 to 2 per day. This may not seem to be a very fast rate but scientists have already found the genes that cause diseases such as Hunnington's, Lou Gerhig's, and the ?Bubble-Boy? disease. Another way that we use our strong knowledge of DNA is in criminal identification. This plays a major role in today's society. Because each person's DNA is different (except in identical twins) police officers can take blood or semen samples from a crime scene and take them to the lab for identification. This can insure the guilt or innocence of a suspect. An example of this is the O.J. Simpson case where investigators tried to match O.J.'s DNA to the DNA at the scene of the crime. Another way scientists apply their knowledge of DNA today is by using special enzymes called restriction enzymes that cut through the phosphate of DNA and these cut ends are called ?sticky ends? because they easily attract other tails from other DNA. Scientist use these restriction enzymes for genetic engineering by removing a gene from one organism to another. In the future DNA has great possibilities for the betterment of mankind and also the detriment. The most obvious and controversial possibility would be the cloning of humans. Scientists have already cloned sheep and other such organisms but have yet to take the step for cloning a human even though the technology is in place, the ethics of this may not be. The method to arrive at is quite

Obama Term - Barack Obamas Last Day as President

Obama Term - Barack Obamas Last Day as President President Barack Obamas last day as president was January 20, 2017, and he spent it doing what most American presidents did on their last few hours in the White House. He greeted the incoming president, Republican Donald Trump, and Trumps family. He wrote a note to his successor that read, in part:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We’ve both been blessed, in different ways, with great good fortune.† And then Obama attended Trumps swearing-in ceremony. Obama, like every other president serving his final term, became a lame duck president the day he was sworn into office for a second time following his Election Day rout  of Mitt Romney in 2012. Trump was chosen  in the 2016 election and sworn into office at noon on Jan. 20, 2017. Trumps first term ends on Jan. 20, 2021, when the next president is sworn into office. That day is called Inauguration Day. Obama Keeps a Low Profile After Term Ends Obama spoke very little in the first months after he left the White House. He held a conversation on community organizing and civic engagement in Chicago as he approached his 100th day out of office. Obamas first substantial criticism of his successor came in early September of 2017, nearly eight months after Trump took office; the former president, a Democrat, was critical of Trumps plan to kill the  Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, or DACA. The program allows children of immigrants living in the United States illegally to stay in the country without fear of immediate prosecution. Said Obama in response to Trumps plan: â€Å"To target these young people is wrong ― because they have done nothing wrong. It is self-defeating ― because they want to start new businesses, staff our labs, serve in our military, and otherwise contribute to the country we love. And it is cruel. This is about whether we are a people who kick hopeful young strivers out of America, or whether we treat them the way we’d want our own kids to be treated. It’s about who we are as a people ― and who we want to be.† When Obamas Term Ended The date of the presidential swearing-in and conclusion of a presidents term is set by the 20th Amendment to the Constitution. Under the terms of the 20th Amendment, a presidents term  ends at noon on Jan. 20.   The 20th Amendment reads, in part: The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin. Awaiting Obamas Last Day Its become a sort of modern-day political tradition for a presidents staunchest critics to begin counting down his last days in office. Obama endured such treatment from conservative Republicans. There were even commercial endeavors to celebrate Obamas last day in office: bumper stickers, buttons, and T-shirts announcing Jan. 20, 2017, as the End of an error and Americans happiest day. Obamas predecessor, Republican President George W. Bush, was the target of similar campaigns, including an  Out of Office Countdown Wall Calendar that included some of the most well known Bushisms.   The Republican National Committee celebrated Obamas last day as president by posting the date on its website even before he was elected to a second term in 2012. The GOP designed the ad to raise money from conservatives worried about him being re-elected. The party said: The RNC is clearly not giving President Obama a free pass in 2012 - quite the opposite actually, we are aggressively showing voters what our country would look like after another four years of President Obama and his tax and spend policies that have done nothing to create jobs and leave us vulnerable to governments like China. When Obama Was Sworn In to His Final Term Alex Wong / Getty Images Obama was sworn in to a second term on Jan. 20, 2013, after easily defeating Republican Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election. Why Presidents Can Serve Only Two Terms Obama, like all U.S. presidents, cannot serve a third term in the White House because of the Constitutions 22nd Amendment, even though many conspiracy theorists believe Obama would try to remain president beyond his eight years in office.

Comstock Law and Its Role in Birth Control History

Comstock Law and Its Role in Birth Control History Act for the Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles for Immoral Use The Comstock Law, passed in the United States in 1873, was part of a campaign for legislating public morality in the United States. As its full title (above) implies, the Comstock Law was meant to stop the trade in obscene literature and immoral articles. In reality, the Comstock Law was targeted not only at obscenity and dirty books but at birth control devices and information on such devices, at abortion, and at information on sexuality and on sexually transmitted diseases. The Comstock Law was widely used to prosecute those who distributed information or devices for birth control. In 1938, in a case involving Margaret Sanger, Judge August Hand lifted the federal ban on birth control, effectively ending the use of the Comstock Law to target birth control information and devices.

Distribution of Wealth in the Jian and Hindu Religions Research Paper

Distribution of Wealth in the Jian and Hindu Religions - Research Paper Example Different religions have their own set of principles, ethics, and consecrated histories that defines and elucidate how the life and universe came into existence and the significance of life for an individual. Many of the religions and their belief systems have gained the acceptance by the universe, but it cannot come under consideration for the innumerable religions that exist in the world today. Many of the religions have defined themselves in sacerdotal hierarchies; have set structured behaviors for their members, where one should devote himself in the practices of the religion and should honor and give respect for their prayers and the immaculate places. Sermons, festivals, funeral ceremonies, meditation, wedding rituals, cultural characteristics like art, dance, and music are all components that make up a religion. Different cultures follow different values as some religions give more importance to their faiths and beliefs while others highlight the aspect of practice, thus the phenomenon of religion has taken various embodiments. Religions even focus and give high importance to the experiences and the actions of the spiritual leaders along with the incidents that occurred in their times. It has been an observation that a religion also plays a great deal of importance and comes under alliance with government, constitutional and legislative rankings. Although today, the wo rld is living in technological and scientific era, still, religion plays a significant and imperative part in one’s life as it has attained the focus of an individual due to the reason that it revolves around human’s life all the time. Individual tend to react in a calm and tranquil way to their problems and personal disasters and catastrophes as religion and its practice provides a person with the relief of their worries/tragedies. One can shape and enhance their personality, character, and social behaviors in a culture or nation through a source that comes under religion. Another important aspect of religion is that it helps in developing and controlling willpower in young generation as they undergo different changes around and inside them. Religion also teaches to have faith in God and stay away from the undesirable acts that may cause harm to them. As almost every religion has an essential learning that teaches us to maintain peace in the society and world and to h ave respect for all, but sometimes the religious discrepancies may lead to bloodshed, battles and biasness or unfair treatments. Religion is a source of influence and has a lot of supremacy in it, which can bring people of various environment, surroundings, and cultures under one roof for the sake of worship. With the numerous religions practiced all over world, Hinduism and Jainism are one of them that come under practice by the community of Indian subcontinent. The practices of Indian religions including Hinduism and Jainism involve concepts of dharma, karma, reincarnation, mantras, vantras, caste, and darsana. Hinduism is an ancient, primeval and one of the biggest religions practiced in the subcontinent. The concept of karma comes under application in the fundamental customs, everyday principles, and the wedding ceremonies of the Hindus. Hinduism is a religion that comprises of abundant of different philosophies of dharma and the major texts and epics that are of immense importa nce with respect to their beliefs includes â€Å"Mahabharata, Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads and Puranas† (Das, pp. 5-45). The distinguished aspects of this religion also include the conviction of Hindus in reincarnation that is

Real Estate Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Real Estate Computing - Essay Example Because real estate is so competitive, not having a solid plan in place to accomplish these things will set your business up for failure. There are many aspects involved with closing real estate transactions and a realtor must be able to rely on other professionals to work with them to accomplish their objective - which is to have smooth, successful closing. These professionals must know what they are doing, must be reliable as well as utilize ethical business practices. Working with the right professionals will help to ensure that your agency upholds a good reputation so that clients as well as other real estate professionals will want to do business with you. There are several methods that can be utilized to build your network of professionals and it will be advantageous for you to consider using a combination of the following examples: Your local board of realtors, the National Association of Realtors, your local chamber of commerce, online real estate forums such as ActiveRain.com, and networking organizations such as BNI or Leaders Business Network. These organizations will help you to identify the professionals that you are in search of and gain an assessment of their past performance which will allow you to seek out those with solid reputations. Establishing a loyal client base is the best way to ensure future business and "long term success". Really, it is the best way to avoid the ups and downs and the unpredictable nature of the Real Estate Industry (Stan, 2004). A detailed marketing campaign should be formulated, followed, and evaluated in order to accomplish this. This plan should include a variety of different methods that fit into your budget. Remember that real estate is a very competitive market, so your marketing efforts should be consistent and you should find a way that your agency can stand out in the crowd. This can be done by coming up with a catchy slogan or branding techniques. You really want people to know that you are sincere and that you care about their needs, in other words you are not just in this for the money. You will want to utilize a client data base program such as Outlook or Act and ensure that your data base is kept current and accurate. Your data base will be the lifeline of your business so you definitely want to make sure you back it up! The top methods for building your client base are: letting family and friends know what you are doing, target mailings to areas you may want to service, web sites, targeted Internet advertising, article marketing, opt-in email lists, print advertising and attend networking meetings. Building a solid client base takes time and you should not expect it to happen overnight. For example, you may need to do a mailing to a specific area for six months or more before you get any response. Networking is about building relationships, so don't expect to go to one networking or leads group meeting and walk out of there with a client - you need to show consistency and commitment. Remember, when you are developing your marketing plan you need to identify a way that you can stand out, be consistent,

The New Jim Crow Essay Example for Free

The New Jim Crow Essay In the book â€Å"The New Jim Crow† author Michelle Alexander talks about numerous issues of racial inequality in our criminal justice system. Alexander’s book is something every person who even has an interest in the criminal justice field should read, as it really looks beyond the color of a person’s skin. Alexander points out the vast majority of the problems our criminal justice system faces in racial inequality and discrimination. These problems have really formed our country to what it is to this day. Most people feel that society as a whole is past discrimination and that it is no longer a problem anymore. In reality, it is still a major problem in many aspects of our criminal justice system as well as the everyday lives of Americans. In all honesty I was one of them, but â€Å"The New Jim Crow† really opened my eyes on the discrimination that occurs within minorities in the United States. Reflecting back on this issue I had realized that I have witnessed this first hand with one of my close friends who is an African American male. I will get into more detail about this later on in my paper, but for now I am going to address some of the issues of racial inequality in the criminal justice system that Alexander mentioned. First of all going back to the late 1800’s with slavery in the United States. This time period really set the tone for discrimination in the future of our country. At this point in time African American’s were much like Peasants back in pre-colonial times. This led to slaves literally walking off their plantations and causing chaos among plantation owners. This not only caused problems for plantation owners, but it also caused problems for the economy in the United States. After this was done black codes were created due to the African Americans unwillingness to work. Ultimately these codes were reversed due to several pieces of civil rights legislation that started the Reconstruction Era. During this era African Americans who were former slaves were allowed their first opportunity to learn how to read and write. Another form of racial inequality was during the Reconstruction Era. There were more laws set in place that were mainly enforced against African Americans. These laws were set in place to protect against things such as mischief and insulting gestures. This was possible in my opinion due to the federal government not aking an effort at the time to enforce civil rights legislation. Along with this death rates were extremely high due to private contractors did not care about the well being of the slaves. Like I said previously all these things set the tone for the future of our country. Looking forward to the 1950’s to the 1960’s crime rates were dramatically rising with many people believing that the Civil Rights Movement was the main cause of the raise in crime. Another reason that Alexander stated cause this boost in crime was the â€Å"baby boom† generation entering their early twenties. With the rise of the young men it created the rise in crime. With that being said many people felt that the Civil Rights Movement was the main cause of this sudden outbreak in crime. Another event that did not help the cause of African Americans in the 1960’s was the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Junior. This led to an outrage in the African American Community in which it gave white Americans more reason’s to think that African Americans were harmful to society. One issue of racial inequality that Alexander mentioned was how the courts place higher standards on African Americans than they do on white Americans. Along with that Alexander Talked about how white Americans are still more likely to do drugs than African Americans are. Even in â€Å"ghetto† neighborhoods African Americans are less like to sell and use drugs than white Americans are. Along with that though, African Americans are sent to prison on drug charges at a rate of twenty to almost sixty times greater than a white. Alexander also talked about a survey in the 1980’s that found out that ninety percent of white believed that black and whit children should attend the same schools, and that seventy-one percent disagreed that whites have a right to keep blacks out of white neighborhoods. Also eighty percent of the people that took the survey said that they would support an African American candidate for president, and sixty-six percent said that they opposed laws prohibiting intermarriage. After reading this it really kind of troubled me because I feel that segregation was still a little bit of a problem in the early 1980’s. In my opinion the problem with surveys are that a lot of the time people do not tell the truth and I feel like that is the case in this survey. I feel that those numbers would probably be around the same if not a little better today than it was back then. One reason I feel this way is partially to how my grandparents act towards African Americans. My grandpa who was born in Eastern Tennessee has never really been a big supporter of African Americans due to how he was raised by his dad who was actually a preacher. Also I feel that the results that the survey got would depend on what kind of area the survey was taken in. In a town like the one that I grew up in I feel that the results would definitely be lower especially since it is not a very diverse town. Now back to the story where I had witnessed discrimination in the criminal justice system. When I was in high school me and some friends one of which was a African American male was driving home from the bowling alley at around Eleven ‘O Clock in the evening got pulled over on our way back to my house. When the officer came up to the car he asked me for my driver’s license like you would expect the officer to do. The officer caught my friends and I off guard when he asked my African American friend for his license, but not anyone else in the car. Until I read Alexander’s book I never really thought about the situation since I was so young, but now I understand the magnitude of it all and how ridiculous it is that something like that happened and me not even realize it. Also I have been pulled over seven times by the police and this incident is the only time an officer has asked to see any identification of any of the passengers that I had with me. The next thing that I will talk about is how racism in criminal justice grew out of earlier historical periods. Earlier I mention how in the 1800’s there was a Reconstruction Era. The first Reconstruction Era was brief According to Alexander it stretched from 1863to when the Northern states freed the slaves in 1877. With this reconstruction it gave African Americans their first opportunity to read and write, but it also forced the government to help support the African Americans by providing things like food, clothing, and fuel. This period also gave the African Americans their first opportunity to vote although they had to be protected by federal troops from organizations like the Ku Klux Klan. At the end of the first Reconstruction Era the Civil Rights Movement that is also known as the Second Reconstruction started. During the Civil Rights Movement African Americans played a bigger part in the United States government due to African Americans gaining political power as well as the growing population of the NAACP. With the rise of the NAACP the Ku Klux Klan also grew as a terrorists program killing many officers of the NAACP. Along with Dr. Martin Luther King Junior who had probably the biggest impact on the Civil Rights Movement, President Kennedy presented a strong civil rights bill to the United States Congress. Although he was not able to see this through due to his assassination, his successor President Johnson made sure that this bill went through. This gave most African Americans a chance to go to schools with white students as well as giving them a chance to drinking from water fountains that they were banned from drinking out of before this bill. Recently I watched an ESPN 30 for 30 film about the University of Mississippi otherwise known â€Å"Ole Miss†. A young African American, by the name of James Meredith, attending the university outraged the state of Mississippi. President Kennedy sent troops down to Oxford, Mississippi on the campus of Ole Miss to help protect Meredith and other students from being injured due to riots. Even with the troops, the riots were too much to handle which ultimately led to several students getting killed and many others injured. Before this film I had never heard of the tragedy that occurred within the university. Perhaps this twisted event was swept beneath the rug as if it never even occurred. Maybe it’s the fact that society is too embarrassed to own up to the sickening deeds done onto our own kind? Now how does our criminal justice system, which is based on equality for all develop such discriminatory practices? It is not necessarily the system as a whole, but the actions of so many individuals who believe that discrimination is perfectly acceptable. Some regions of our beautiful country continue to believe that live a discriminating lifestyle and pass these beliefs onto their children. Mississippi is a prime example of location still considered to be very discriminatory. The university itself proudly flies the rebel flag to the tune of â€Å"Dixie† unaware of the pain and suffering associated to both. What is a caste? A caste is a way of diving a society into classes based on race, wealth, religion, and social status. With the most common example of caste is race and wealth. With that be said though Whit Americans are not the only one’s who can discriminate. African Americans or really anyone can discriminate against anyone person, race or social status. The criminal justice system is a caste system, because those at the bottom of the system can commit the same crime as a wealthy citizen and have more of a punishment than someone who can afford better lawyers and are well known. Also the discrimination between whites and minorities is probably the main reason why the criminal justice system is a caste system. Alexander talks a lot about this in chapter three of â€Å"The New Jim Crow†. Alexander talked about how long it could take public defenders to get to a case due to the overload of cases that he or she would be assigned to. One example of this is the O. J. Simpson murder case. There was so much evidence and motive for O. J. to commit the crime yet he was still found not guilty of the murder. Does discrimination end when people are released from prison? Absolutely not! After being released from prison, convicts will face more discrimination than before they were ever charged with whatever crime they have committed. The people who are released from prison will always have to face the fact that they will have the label of being convicted felon for the rest of their lives. After being convicted they typically do not have the same job opportunities as someone that has never been convicted, as well as not ever being allowed to get food stamps of public housing if they needed it. Basically, convicted felons might as well have a stamp on their forehead saying, â€Å"I am a convicted felon†. In conclusion, I feel that Alexander raises many good points on discrimination and racial inequality. Anyone entering the criminal justice field really needs to read this book and reflect on what needs to change to make our system an equality based system like it is supposed to be. I know it has me thinking about what needs to be done. I feel that is the only way we can make our criminal justice system a well-rounded system.

Tale of Two Cities Analys :: essays papers

Tale of Two Cities Analys Government has been an essential part to any civilization for as long as human kind has existed. People who disagree with the government have also existed for just as long. Whether the the government was so simple that the leader was the strongest in the tribe, or whether the government was so complex that it involved thousands of people to make one decision, it always was challenged and eventually changed. The means of change are quite diverse. Assassination, protests, war, petitions, and more are amongst the large list of means for governmental reform. Revolution has also been a frequent method to try to achieve the desired change. Revolutions have made profound impacts in history, for both the better and for the worse. Charles Dickens is among those who believe revolution is not a efficient means for change of government, or social reform. His classic novel, A Tale Of Two Cities, clearly and profoundly shows the negative impacts of revolting against the government, to the ! reader. He also shows the reader that there is a better way to improve the government. That better way is illustrated through Sydney Carton. He not only becomes an unexpected hero in A Tale Of Two Cities, but he also symbolizes Charles Dickens solution to achieving social reform. Sydney Carton first entered the story as a lonely man. Appearing rather insecure and having low self esteem, his role in the story was unknown to the reader. He seemed to only be focused on helping others. One late night with his colleague, Mr. Stryver, Cartons basically pathetic demeanor was confronted, ^Carton, addressed his friend... ^your way is, and always was, a lame way. You summon no energy and purpose. (Dickens, A Tale Of Two Cities, 95). Then later that night , Climbing into a high chamber in a well of houses, he threw himself down in his clothes on a neglected bed, and its pillow was wet with wasted tears (97). Both are examples of Cartons character. Most view him as a loser. Mr. Stryver, with the assistance of a little alcohol, clearly made that point, and sadly enough Carton realized it. At that moment he finally realized who he was becoming, and it depressed him beyond words. At that moment a new Carton emerged. This new Carton was someone who cared! for others. He wanted people to think that his actions were motivated by simply wanting to make a difference in the lives of those he cared for. One person he deeply cared for was Lucie Manette. She eventually became his motivation to change and renew his own life.

Principles and Policies of Health Promotion

Annex 1 â€Å"MSF & prevention†Ã‚   17 2 1. Introduction Historically, MSF is involved with IEC (Information, Education and Communication) activities or project since almost 10 years. It mainly started in 2 parallel directions: Within the HIV/AIDS vertical project developed before the introduction of ART? e used to develop prevention project to reduce the spread of infection in the general community and amongst target groups (mass communication campaign to change the behaviour of the community) Within the Water, Hygiene & Sanitation project, hygiene promotion activities were developed to promote the use of the water & sanitation facilities in the communities but also to adapt the behaviour of the pop in regards to these facilities – In April 2006, an IEC workshop was organised in the OCB in order to structure the IEC activities on the field1. From there the I. E.C activities have been redefined and a change of the terminology to Health Promotion was adopted. This change in terminology was adopted to avoid misunderstanding and confusion with the activities of communication department but also to fall within the framework of our medical activities. This policy paper is written in order to explain why MSF is involved in Health Promotion and to set a framework for the Health Promotion activities; it’s not a guide on the implementation of the activities. It will continuously evolve with the experiences gained over time. 2. Some Health Promotion definitions . 1 From WHO Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve 2 their health. Health promotion represents a comprehensive social and political process, it not only embraces actions directed at strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals, but also action directed towards changing social, environmental and economic conditions so as to alleviate their impact on public and individual health. Participation is essential to sustain health promot ion action. – The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategies for health promotion.These are: – advocacy for health to create the essential conditions for health indicated above; – enabling all people to achieve their full health potential; – and mediating between the different interests in society in the pursuit of health. These strategies are supported by five priority action areas: – Build healthy public policy, – Create supportive environments for health – Strengthen community action for health, – Develop personal skills – and Re-orient health services 1 2 For more information see report on the IEC workshop 2006- Genevieve Loots & Ann Wouters Reference: Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.WHO, Geneva, 1986 3 2. 2 From John Hubley, â€Å"Communicating Health† John Hubley is presenting the HESIAD model which involves 3 different components into health promotion ? â€Å"Health promotion component is being u sed to draw attention to the need for educational & political action to improve health† 3 Health promotion Health education: Communication directed at individuals, families and communities to influence: Awareness/knowledge, decision making, beliefs/attitude/empowerment of individual and community action/behaviour change community participationService improvement : improvement: Improvement in quality & quantity of services: services Accessibility Case management Drug supply Counselling Staff attitudes Outreach Social marketing Advocacy: Agenda setting and advocay for healthy public policy Policies for health Income generation Removal of obstacles, discrimination, inequalities, gender barriers Fig. Components of health promotion (HESIAD)4 3 4 J. Hubley, Communicating health- An action guide to health education and health promotion- p. 2 J. Hubley, Communicating Health- An action guide to health education and health promotion-p. 15 4 3. 3. 1 Health Promotion within the OCB Defini tion As an emergency medical humanitarian organisation, the definition of health promotion, as state by WHO (process of enabling people to take control over their health ) is too wide for MSF actions. It involves a lot of development ideas for example poverty elimination, literacy and general education, social programs, income generating activities, etc.Therefore, within OCB, we are limiting Health Promotion as a set of activities of health education and health services improvement5 that are intending to develop better the use of health care services (patients & population). The population HP approach is focusing on communities to promote our health structures and to control the epidemics in the population. The patient HP approach is focusing on patient and on the adaptation of the health care to the cultural behaviours and practices of the population where we are working. Example of health promotion activities: 1.HP activities for population – Investigate health-seeking beha viour Promotion of available health services Create health-risk awareness about cholera, ebola for example Assure user friendliness clinic Patient education on HIV & TB to improve adherence (= treatment literacy) Providing patient-adjusted information on health-issues Stimulate self-management of chronic patients (empowerment) 2. HP activities for patients In most of the old â€Å"IEC called† project, the Health Promotion component should be re-orientated towards a support of patients (instead of community) n order to help them to reinforce or adapt a set of behaviour to get better & get more adapted care. In different organisation as well as in MSF sections you will easily hear different names for the Health Promotion activities such I. E. C (Information, education & communication), B. C. C (behaviour change communication), health communication, health education, patient education, etc. But they all aim at reinforcing knowledge and skills related to health (disease, treatmen t & prevention) in order to allow the patient to take decisions & actions towards his health.Health Promotion encourages comprehensive interventions that combine approaches such as anthropology, sociology, education, training and communication for healthy behaviour adaptation; for more information on Behaviour change model, please refer to M. Varasso â€Å"Behaviour Change towards HIV/AIDS† and the Health belief Model6. 5 Services improvement could be: – Improvement in the content of the services: e. g improvement of the patient education – Improvement in the accessibility of the service: e. g timing, location & introduction of home & community visits – Improvements in the acceptability of services: e. enforcement of confidentiality, use of women field staff, use of lay field staff, involvement of persons from the target community John Hubley – Communicating Health- An action guide to health education and health promotion- p. 15 6 Health Belief Mod el (HBM) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals 5 3. 2 Key principles for Health Promotion 1. Health Promotion activities should always be integrated and serving the medical objective of the project.It must be considered as a transversal approach integrated in the different activities of the project; it is not a project in itself. In a logical framework of a project document it should be situated at the level of activities, expected results and indicators. 2. As a particularity, Health Promotion focuses on the health communication with individuals (it's not a health problem in itself). That is why it applies to different: – diseases (HIV, TB-treatment, malaria, etc), – subgroups (children, young women, patient HIV+), – attitudes/habits that we want to influence (access to services & care, promotion of healthy behaviour, etc) 3.The MSF's understanding of the population, perception of the illness 7 and the health seeking behaviour are essential in order to offer and to improve the development of our health services. It’s an essential step to start any kind of Health Promotion activities, it's necessary to understand how the population is functioning before defining health messages adapted to the culture of the population and patients. 4. The activities of Health Promotion will vary from one project to another and will always need to be adapted to the context. 5.The Health Promotion/education activities should be done in priority within our health structures addressing patients & care takers in groups or individually 6. Health Promotion activities can also be done at the communities’ level with specific objectives: To promote our services: attract people in our structures and explain our services to communities (promotion of the services for victims of sexual violence in the community, promotion of our vaccination sites, etc) To prevent epidemics spreading: when there is an outbreak of cholera, hemorrhagic fever, malaria, measles, etc. e should inform the communities at risk how the disease is transmitted, how to prevent getting the disease and what to do in case of the contraction of the symptoms To monitor a health situation: in some context it can help the project to develop a component of community health worker or home visitor network to collect health surveillance information (mortality, morbidity, MUAC, vaccination, etc) To ensure access of the vulnerable group to our structures: when a population/village/specific group identified is not coming to our structure and they are at high risk of specific health problem 7 DISEASE is the definition of a health problem by a medical expert, ILLNESS refers to the experience of the problem by the patient; and SICKNESS is the social role attached to a health problem by the society at large. 6 3. 3 Roles and profiles: Ideally, we should send different pro files to be in charge of the HP activities; the first phase should have in priority an anthropologist or sociologist who will analyse the cultural behaviour of the population; followed by a social communicator person who will design a health communication strategy.However, this rarely happen and one person is usually in charge of the different steps of the HP activities. 3. 3. 1 Anthropologist's role in a project: To understand the risky practices of the target group linked to the transmission of a illness, for example: to collect information on the behaviour and the cultural practices of the pop. linked to the spread of HIV/AIDS; to get information on cultural burial procedure-linked to Ebola; etc To determine the health seeking behaviour of a target population ? Why are the pop not coming to our health services?Where do they go for care? Linking with Traditional healer? Sorcery, Witchcraft? To get a better analyse of cultural barriers in the population: perception of a health prob lem by the target group, organisation of the society, power, decision maker, etc. To analyse the knowledge, attitude and practices on a disease or health problem (KAP survey) To analyse and understand how MSF is perceived in the population But also at the level of the service provider, to analyse and understand the staff attitude towards patients/diseases To study the conception of illness Etc. ? He/she will then apply findings into practical recommendations for the project but also for the development of health messages. The anthropologist is NOT going to solve all your problems in the project; he needs to have a clear job description. The field needs to identify what they want to analyse and understand and how it will improve their medical activities. It’s essential to be specific. He is part of the medical team and need constant discussion with the medical team/field coordinator.It’s possible to require specifically an anthropologist for several months to undertake a qualitative survey. But often, the expatriate health promoter will also have a degree in Anthropology or Sociology (or Social Sciences); it’s more likely to have one expatriate in charge of everything. Rem: For the moment MSF is sending anthropologist too late in the stage of the project design; it would be useful to use the anthropologist’s competences at some early phase of the project (explo mission or starting of a new project).In project by choice, the sending of an anthropologist can really provide key information on the context, the population and the link with MSF (in 2008 we have send anthropologist in Niger and Lubutu). 3. 3. 2 Health Promoter's role in a project Your health promoter could have a communication or nursing or educational background depending of what is available and which profile is best suiting the project.To collect data's about the target population To set up the strategies for the HP activities according to the objectives of the project T o recruit (if not yet done) and train/coach a team of national health promoter To define the priorities of the health messages according to the risk practices and the health seeking behaviour analyse To adapt the content of the messages according to the culture & target pop (importance of pre testing the materials) To understand how MSF is perceived in the population 7 – To develop (or re-use) communication materials (educational games, pictures, osters) and to choose appropriate channels of communication To monitor the HP activities (including participation to the Annual Review Operation exercise) To evaluate the understanding of the health messages by the beneficiaries and adapt the content of information He/she is part of the medical team and need constant discussion with the medical team/field. Because the HP activities should be integrated in the project, the expatriate presence on the field should be seen as a temporary phase in order to leave the activities in the hand s of national staffs (when available) who usually know better the cultural behaviour of the target pop. nd have easily access to communities. 4. Why is MSF involved in Health Promotion? Health Promotion activities are usually linked to disease preventive 8 activities. To give information and to â€Å"coach† or educate persons on different health topic & measures is an essential element to avoid individual getting sick, to recognize earlier symptoms and come to be treated but also to ensure patients following treatment procedures. Health Promotion activities want to ensure preventive behaviour in term of health.Prevention's level and activities9 It’s important to differentiate 4 levels of prevention where MSF actions put in place will be variable but also where the Health Promotion activities will differ. Primordial prevention: level zero of prevention: Activities aiming at decreasing societal vulnerability, lowering individual risk through contextual interventions. Exa mple of activities= poverty reduction, decreasing stigma & discrimination, HIV awareness for the general public, etc.So it concerns risk reduction of a health problem at population (societal) level and MSF will never intervene at this level of prevention. Primary prevention: covers all activities designed to reduce the occurrence and the transmission of an illness (disease free). Primary prevention methods are used before the person gets the disease. ? Reduction of the incidence & prevalence of health problem Example of activities done by MSF= immunisation, improve water supply, family planning services, use of condom, prophylaxis during pregnancy, etc.Secondary prevention: activities aimed at the recognition of early signs of disease and search for treatment before it become serious. Secondary prevention avoids that infection become illness. ? Reducing the morbidity Example of activities = testing of HIV, medical consultations, treatment, vaccination 8 Disease prevention covers mea sures not only to prevent the occurrence of disease, such as risk factor reduction, but also to arrest its progress and reduce its consequences once established.Reference: adapted from Glossary of Terms used in Health for All series. WHO, Geneva, 1984 Primary prevention is directed towards preventing the initial occurrence of a disorder. Secondary and tertiary prevention seeks to arrest or retard existing disease and its effects through early detection and appropriate treatment; or to reduce the occurrence of relapses and the establishment of chronic conditions through, for example, effective rehabilitation. Disease prevention is sometimes used as a complementary term alongside health promotion.Although there is frequent overlap between the content and strategies, disease prevention is defined separately. Disease prevention in this context is considered to be action which usually emanates from the health sector, dealing with individuals and populations identified as exhibiting ident ifiable risk factors, often associated with different risk behaviours. 9 Disease prevention- definition of WHO For more information on â€Å"Prevention and MSF†, please refer to the doc in annex 1. 8 Tertiary prevention: Targets the person who already has symptoms of the isease and it includes behaviours that are involved in treatment & rehabilitation (person is already sick) The goals of tertiary prevention are: – prevent damage and pain from the disease – slow down the disease – prevent the disease from causing other problems – give better care to people with the disease – make people with the disease healthy again and able to do what they used to do Example of activities: treatment, patient education, emotional support etc. ? Reduction of the morbidity, suffering & mortality 9 Risk: Population: General Theoretical risk Healthy population ? ? Specific High Risk ?Healthy ind. ? Early signs ? Diseases ? Death Infected ind. ? Patients (sick) ? Death/handicap Intervention MSF Never or through partners Polio eradication, HIV awareness, etc Not systematic Prevention activities Vaccination, Vector control, HP, Family Planning, etc. Always Supportive & curative Testing, consultation, treatment, screening, health Education, etc. Always Curative & palliative care Emotional support, treatment, patient education etc. Primordial prevention Primary prevention (Incidence & prevalence) Secondary prevention (Morbidity) Tertiary prevention (Morbidity& mortality) Depending of the project’s objectives, MSF can be involved with variation at the different levels of prevention. 10 5. Health promotion as a transversal axe Health promotion was set up as a transversal axe into the Operational prospect in 2008 and in 2009 Health Promotion is integrated into the â€Å"Prevention† transversal axe. It means the HP activities should be considered into the different operational fields of intervention but also in the others transversal axes (Women health, nutrition, etc). 5. 1 Health Promotion activities to consider per health problem Some Health promotion activities to consider . Analyse & understand the risky practices increasing the transmission of HIV/AIDS amongst the population/community & patients 2. Understand the reasons of not coming for testing, for PMTCT (Health seeking behaviour, Stigma) 3. Measure the knowledge, attitude and perception of HIV/AIDS in target group 4. Promote of the services for families members, children and partners 5. Empowerment of patient (patient education on disease & preventive measure, treatment literacy, support group, PLWHA expert, etc) 6. provide support to adherence in health structure and in the community 7.Ensure HIV services adapted to your target group of patients 8. Collaborate with Traditional healer, TBA, 1. Analyse and understand the disease perception (fears and stigma) & knowledge in the pop. 2. Promotion of services for TB families & care givers 3. Provide patie nt education & treatment literacy 4. Support to adherence 5. Train health staff on infection control measure 1. Analyse and understanding the disease knowledge and preventive measure 2. Promote the use of the mosquito nets with patients & communities during the season 3. Training on recognition of symptoms 4.Promotion of the use of our services 5. Develop the component of malaria volunteers 1. Analyse and understand the disease perception and the risky behaviour in the community increasing the transmission 2. Measure the knowledge, perception & attitudes of the pop. towards the disease 3. Disseminate information on the preventive & disease control measures to the general population 4. Collaborate with key leaders of the community ? visit of the isolation unit 5. Educate of the patients and families (and neighbour) in order to decrease fears & stigma of the patients 6.Participate to burials to ensure the respect of the tradition (orientation of the body, traditional beliefs, etc). 10 Health thematic HIV/AIDS Reference documents/books 1. HIV/AIDS OCB Policy 2008 â€Å"chapter on prevention and empowerment & autonomy of PLWH† 2. Patient support in HIV/AIDS – draft MSF OCB 2008 3. DVD Health Promotion communication materials – HIV/AIDS thematic – OCB 2007 4. Patient Support for HIV Infected children- 2008 D. Goetghebuer & K. Bosteels TB 1. Adherence strategy for TB treatment- MSF OCB 2008 2. DVD Health Promotion communication materials – TB thematic – OCB 2007 1.DVD Health Promotion communication materials – malaria thematic – OCB 2007 Malaria Infectious diseases 1. FVH guideline internationalHealth Promotion & Anthropology chapter 2. Ebola, culture & politics : the Anthropology of an Emerging disease10 3. Cholera Health Promotion technical briefs 4. DVD Health Promotion communication materials – cholera, Ebola, Rift Valley fever, †¦ OCB 2007 Ebola, culture & politics: the Anthropology of an Emerg ing disease, Barry S Hewlett and BonnieL. Hewlett 11 Some Health promotion activities to consider 1.Analyze and understanding the cultural barriers of the use of the services or understanding the reasons of delivering at home or the KAP on FGM, etc. 2. Promotion of services (ANC, FP, PMTCT, delivery, abortion, sexual violence). 3. Integrated health education for mothers on different reproductive health subject 4. Home visitors to refer ANC visit, follow up of sexual violence 5. Collaboration with TBA – information on dangers of deliveries and referral of complicated cases 6. Collaboration with women groups 1. Analyse of the perception of the malnutrition in the pop 2.Understanding cultural practices or beliefs increasing malnutrition of children 3. Analyse the cultural factors in a famine context 4. Nutritional education to mothers – develop peer mothers + appetite test 5. Nutritional education to men 6. Defaulter tracing support- community support 1. Analyse of the pe rception of mental health problem in the community 2. Promotion of mental health services 3. De-stigmatization of mental health problems 1. Analyse and understand the concept of violence in the context (cultural versus contextual violence, definition of violence, cultural profile of victims, etc). . Promotion of the services 3. Working with key actors in the community 1. Understanding of the concept of vaccination, fears & taboos about vaccines. 2. Promotion of importance of the EPI 3. Promotion of day of the vaccination campaign, site of vaccination, type of vaccines, etc Health thematic Women health Reference documents 1. DVD Health Promotion communication materials – Women Health – OCB 2007 Nutrition 1. Anthropological report from Niger- Lieselotte 2008 2. DVD Health Promotion communication materials – OCB 2007 Mental Health Violence 1.Mental Health Policy OCB 2008 Link with Brazil Medical Unit Vaccination Niger 2008 Tanganika 2008 12 5. 2 Minimum package of Health Promotion activities There are minimum Health Promotion activities to be integrated in all projects: – Analysing of the disease/illness perception and knowledge of the target population – Promotion of MSF health services (usually at the beginning of the project or when new health activities is being developed) – Health education/patient education/treatment literacy in order to ensure that patients understand the symptoms, how to prevent & how to treat his disease . 3 Health Promotion within Operational Field of intervention Field of intervention I: Assistance to population in violent setting Particularities for this operational field of intervention are: The Health Promotion activities are done primary to get closer to the community, to get information on the context, the population but also on their security, on the living condition and on the access to health care. Health Promotion activities in this field are oriented towards collection of information, investigation and promotion of our services.Several experiences11 have shown good results in developing a home visitor’s network; they seem key persons to get closer to your community and gain trust. Usual HP activities done at the community level with home visitors or community health worker are collection of data (mortality, birth, morbidity, on specific thematic such violence or sexual violence) at household level, defaulter tracing activities (nutritional or others program), promotion of MSF services and health information on a specific disease (ex. malaria explanation because malaria season).In some context, there is a need to extend these communities activities further and push for a move of the civil society in the non acceptance of the problem (Similela and Seruka- sexual violence projects). HP activities in the medical infrastructure = health education on different health topic done by the medical staff or health educators Field of intervention II: Extreme health ga p Particularities for this operational field of intervention are: Health Promotion activities and anthropological components should be more often considered.In post conflict, under served general pop & exclusion there is space and time to gather key information about the population and their health seeking behaviour and it would help to develop the medical strategy of the project. Key activities to consider: -Analyse of the risky behaviour & needs of population in term of health & analyse of Health Seeking Behaviour -Look for the correlation needs of pop & offering of medical services -Promotion of MSF services -Health education in medical infrastructures -Consider the possibility to develop some HP activities in the communities to increase patient/individual’s empowerment 1 In refugee camps, we often develop network of home visitors. Since 07 In Darfur, we launched several network of HV in city the capitalisation of the network in Kebkabya will be done in 2009. 13 Field of i ntervention III: Epidemics and endemics See table with health thematic p. 11 & 12 Particularities: Health Promotion activities should be integrated in every disease Field of intervention IV: Assistance for victims of natural catastrophes Particularities are: the Health Promotion activities are usually integrated into Watsan activities (Hygiene promotion) or linked with mental health activities.The concept of home visit is very important to reinforce link with population. 14 6. Some definitions Health education12 comprises consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of communication designed to improve health literacy, including improving knowledge, and developing life skills which are conducive to individual and community health. Reference: modified definition- WHO Health education is not only concerned with the communication of information, but also with fostering the motivation, skills and confidence (self-efficacy) necessary to take action to improve he alth.Health education includes the communication of information concerning the underlying social, economic and environmental conditions impacting on health, as well as individual risk factors and risk behaviours, and use of the health care system. Thus, health education may involve the communication of information, and development of skills which demonstrates the political feasibility and organizational possibilities of various forms of action to address social, economic and environmental determinants of health.Patient education13 â€Å"The patient education is a process, integrated in the process of care, including a series of activities organized awareness, information, learning and psychological and social assistance on the disease, treatment, care, organization and hospital procedures, health behaviours and those associated with the disease, to help the patient (and his family) to understand the disease and treatment, care work, take charge of his state health and foster a retu rn to normal activities†Patient support 14 The component of Patient Support covers all the activities aiming at supporting the patient in front of his disease and his treatment, beyond the purely medical aspects of care. The patient support is a continuum of progressive, personalised or peer-supported activities addressed to the patient, and going on all along the program. Rem: for the moment within MSF, we are using the component of Patient support for HIV and TB.Main objectives for all HIV patients are: – To understand and accept his HIV status or disease 12 13 From Health Promotion glossary DECCACHE A. et LAVENDHOMME E. , Information et Education du Patient : des fondements aux methodes, De Boeck Universite, Bruxelles, 1989, p. 45 14 For more info, refer to the draft â€Å"Patient Support document for HIV/AIDSâ€Å" written by B. Laumont & G. Loots in the OCB. 15 To recognize the consequences of the disease in his everyday life – To adapt his behaviour (way of living) – To be involved in and adhere to his treatment To achieve all these objectives, the patients have to go through 3 complementary processes: 1- Educative process ? Patient Education This is about the patient understanding – the infection and the evolution of the disease – the transmission of the disease – the risky behaviours to avoid – the treatment This includes the following activities: Health Education, Health talks, Treatment Literacy 2- Process of emotional adaptation?Emotional Support This is about the patient – dealing with the loss of his self-image and the loss of the good health – dealing with the stress caused by the evolution of the disease, the perspective of death, the uncertainty of the future and the reduction of capacities – dealing with the relational changes with his close relationships and occupational environment – dealing with the improvements and the changes brought by the treatment This includes the following activities: counselling (individual & group), support groups 3- Process of adaptation to socio-economic consequences?Social Support This is about helping the patient to solve his social problems in order to improve his good adherence to treatment – risks of precariousness: financial resources, incapacity, loss of employment – risks of isolation, stigmatisation by family and community This includes the following activities: social consultation, home visits, networking, etc †¦ The Patient Support can be provided through 4 different types of activities: – Individual sessions: individual counselling (pre-test, post-test, follow-up, adherence, etc), social consultation – Group sessions: Health Talks, Educational talks, ART preparation sessions, Support Group, etc – Group activities: expression and creative activities, party, celebration, excursion, etc – Community and Family level actions: Home visits, Home Based Care , Defaulter prevention, Defaulter tracing, Community activities, etc Empowerment for health15 In health promotion, empowerment is a process through which people gain greater control over decisions and actions affecting their health. A distinction is made between individual and community empowerment. Individual empowerment refers primarily to the individuals’ ability to make decisions and have control over their personal life.Community empowerment involves individuals acting collectively to gain greater influence and control over the determinants of health and the quality of life in their community, and is an important goal in community action for health. 15 From Health Promotion glossary 16 7. – Bibliography  « Anthropologues et ONG: des liaisons fructueuses?  » ; Humanitaire – Hors Serie; Numero 4Automne/hiver 2007 ; editer par Medecins du Monde  « Communicating Health- an action guide to health education and health promotion  » John Hubley- 2004  "Applied Health Research, Anthropology P. Boonmongkon, P. Streefland, M. L. Tan, etc. â€Å" Health Promotion glossary† WHO CDC, Prevention â€Å"Education pour la sante, concepts, enjeux, planifications†, Jacques A. Bury  « Information et education du patient, des fondements aux methodes  », A. Deccache et E. Lavendhomme of Health and

A Raisin In the Sun

Mama's Dream Dreams are fantasies made up of images from your mind. Everybody has their nightmares, and dreams that sometimes come true in A Raisin In the Sun , by Lorraine Handlebars. The Younger family are African Americans, who struggle with economics. Mama's American Dream is she wants to use her husbands insurance to help her family. Mama's dream is affected by her personality traits of being caring, religious, and determined. One personality trait that affects her dream is her compassion.When mama says, â€Å"Come on now, honey. You need to lie down and rest a while†¦ Then have some nice hot food (pig PAGE). Mama shows her compassion to help her daughter feel better. Compassion affects Mama's dream by Another trait that strongly affects Mama's dream is her being religious. When Mama says, â€Å"Now don't you start child. Its being too early in the morning to be talking about money. It anti Christian, Mama ( pig 41 She illustrates how she feels money should not be more im portant than family.Mama's religiousness affects her dream by Walter said, † Where did you go this afternoon? † and Mama replied, â€Å"l went downtown to tend some business I had to tend to. † (pig 90) Mama demonstrates that as a mother she is devoted to always work so, the money earned can help the Younger and to buy her dream house. Mama's determination affects her dream by not ever giving up to strive for her goals. Without Mama's personality traits she would not have gotten her dream. A Raisin In the Sun Mama's Dream Dreams are fantasies made up of images from your mind. Everybody has their nightmares, and dreams that sometimes come true in A Raisin In the Sun , by Lorraine Handlebars. The Younger family are African Americans, who struggle with economics. Mama's American Dream is she wants to use her husbands insurance to help her family. Mama's dream is affected by her personality traits of being caring, religious, and determined. One personality trait that affects her dream is her compassion.When mama says, â€Å"Come on now, honey. You need to lie down and rest a while†¦ Then have some nice hot food (pig PAGE). Mama shows her compassion to help her daughter feel better. Compassion affects Mama's dream by Another trait that strongly affects Mama's dream is her being religious. When Mama says, â€Å"Now don't you start child. Its being too early in the morning to be talking about money. It anti Christian, Mama ( pig 41 She illustrates how she feels money should not be more im portant than family.Mama's religiousness affects her dream by Walter said, † Where did you go this afternoon? † and Mama replied, â€Å"l went downtown to tend some business I had to tend to. † (pig 90) Mama demonstrates that as a mother she is devoted to always work so, the money earned can help the Younger and to buy her dream house. Mama's determination affects her dream by not ever giving up to strive for her goals. Without Mama's personality traits she would not have gotten her dream. A Raisin in the Sun â€Å"America has given the Negro people a bad check† , this is thoroughly shown, along with other themes, throughout both A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech. Before the civil rights movement, and for some time after, blacks were given the short end of the stick, they had to fight for their dreams and they had to fight against racism. They were given next to nothing but they were still expected to ask the whites to â€Å"forgive [them] for ever wanting to be anything at all! (p. 27). The ideas between the two works blend together very well and very easily that one of the biggest differentiations is the attitudes of the white people towards the blacks. Dreams are an incredibly monumental part of every person, they are what shapes them and guides them, and Hansberry and King both experienced a time when it was unbelievably difficult for blacks to achieve those dreams because the means necessary to reach them just weren’t available for black people. A Raisin in the Sun is full of dreams, Ruth dreams for a nice house for her family to live in, Beneatha dreams to become a doctor and do one of the most concretely good things that a person can do for another, Walter dreams of owning a liquor store and the financial security and independence he would achieve through that, and Mama dreams that future generations will have a better life. However, people don’t always think of how their dreams can influence them, the Youngers’ dreams and their attainment, or lack thereof, is directly related to the happiness and depression of the family. King’s dream was very similar to Mama’s, better things for the future, more opportunities, that blacks and whites would be able to sit â€Å"at the table of brotherhood†? together. All of Dr. King’s dreams have a common root, the abolition of racial discrimination. â€Å"The Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination†? , and while the chains are merely symbolic they may was well be literal. Fighting racial discrimination is the center of both pieces of literature, the people who support it, knowingly or unknowingly, are oppressing the blacks and making them feel like they didn’t belong anywhere. Around the Civil Rights Movement, black people didn’t feel like they had a home, their families had been in North America for centuries and because of that they felt absolutely no connection to Africa, the place that they were being told was their home, and they were being told and shown that they weren’t American either because of all the basic rights that were being taken away from them. They just wanted to â€Å"rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice†. And that was something that the Younger family was almost deprived of when they wanted to move to Clybourne Park, Mr.  Lindner came and told them that †our Negro families are happier when they live in their own communities† (p. 165). White people weren’t even being subtle with their racial discrimination; they had committees to make sure that black people knew that they weren’t welcome. Dr. King’s speech is all about trying to eradicate racism and so that people were not â€Å"judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character†?. In today’s society we are always told to do just that, do not judge a book by its cover, and it almost seems like fiction to think that an entire race was judged merely by how they look. The black people just wanted to be able to enter the â€Å"oasis of freedom and justice† , and the people around them were the ones who were going to have to make all the changes. In A Raisin in the Sun the white people clearly want nothing to do with the black people unless the blacks are doing the menial jobs that very few white people were willing to do, such as be drivers for the rich whites or clean their houses for very little pay, and the white people would get offended if the black people asked for a raise, after all the blacks should be grateful that the whites even considered giving them a job. However, when Dr. King made his speech there were white people in the crowd as well as black people. The white people knew that a change was coming and they were ready for the change because they thought that it would make things better, and Dr. King even acknowledges them while he is speaking, â€Å"many of our white brothers, as evidence by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. †? Between the speech and the play there is only about a decade of time between them, but the attitudes of the white people couldn’t be more different. Dreams, racism, and attitude are all substantially influential components to a society, and are certainly shown in both A Raisin in the Sun and â€Å"I Have A Dream†. And while racial discrimination has not been completely abolished from society, when A Raisin in the Sun first came out it gave incredible insight into how similar blacks were to whites, and when Dr. King gave his speech the Civil Rights Movement took off. Even though the blacks were given a â€Å"bad check†? their refusal â€Å"to believe that the bank of justice [was] bankrupt† made all the difference. A Raisin in the Sun Lorraine Hansberry’s play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun,† was a radically new representation of black life, resolutely authentic, fiercely unsentimental, and unflinching in its vision of what happens to people whose dreams are constantly deferred. I compared Act One, Scene 2, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is on a Saturday morning, and house cleaning is in process at the Youngers. In the film, the setting is the same as play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is when Mrs. Younger gets the insurance check of $10,000. In the film, the plot is the same, but includes music not mentioned in the play. The dialogue in the film has some deletions from the original text, with new dialogue added throughout the scene. Some film techniques used are: the film cuts back and forth to different characters, the room is well lit with the sunshine coming in through the window, and music is added throughout some parts of this scene. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene involves dialogue. Much of the dialogue is deleted, however, new dialogue is added through some parts of this scene. Also, in the play, the mailman comes up to their apartment and rings the door bell unlike the film, Travis runs up to him outside the building and gets the mail from him right away and runs back to give it to Mrs. Younger (his grandma). I also compared Act Two, Scene 1, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is later, that same day at the Youngers. In the film, the setting is the same as play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is when Mama, Mrs. Younger, buys Travis a new house for when he gets older to be a man. In the film, the plot is the same as play with music added to parts of this scene. The dialogue in the film has some lines rephrased and also has some deletions from the original text; new dialogue is added throughout parts of this scene. Some film techniques used in this scene are: the room is brightly lit with lamps and other light fixtures, the film cuts back and forth to different characters and the camera seems to move alone with the characters as they did, and music is added throughout parts of this scene. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene involves dialogue. Much of the dialogue is rephrased and not said as the author has written it in the play. And also, some of the dialogue from the original text is deleted, however, new dialogue is added. And also, unlike the film, a lot of the actions the author has described in the play did not happen in the film. Such as, on page 91 as Ruth says â€Å"Praise God! the author describes that she raises both arms classically, and as she tells Walter Lee to be glad, the author describes she has laid her hands on his shoulders, but he shakes himself free of her roughly, without turning to face her, these actions did not happen in the film. I also had compared Act Two, Scene 3, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is on a Saturday, moving day, one week later. In the film, the setting is the same as the play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is Linder tries to buy back the house from the Younger family. In the film, the plot is the same as the play. The dialogue in the film has some deletions from play; new dialogue is added in replacement of the deleted dialogue. Some film techniques used in this scene are: the film cuts back and forth to different characters, and the room is well lit with the sunshine coming in through the window. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene also involves dialogue. The dialogue in this scene is mostly faithful to the play but has some deletions. On the other hand, new dialogue was added in replacement of the deleted lines from the original text. A Raisin in the Sun â€Å"America has given the Negro people a bad check† , this is thoroughly shown, along with other themes, throughout both A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech. Before the civil rights movement, and for some time after, blacks were given the short end of the stick, they had to fight for their dreams and they had to fight against racism. They were given next to nothing but they were still expected to ask the whites to â€Å"forgive [them] for ever wanting to be anything at all! (p. 27). The ideas between the two works blend together very well and very easily that one of the biggest differentiations is the attitudes of the white people towards the blacks. Dreams are an incredibly monumental part of every person, they are what shapes them and guides them, and Hansberry and King both experienced a time when it was unbelievably difficult for blacks to achieve those dreams because the means necessary to reach them just weren’t available for black people. A Raisin in the Sun is full of dreams, Ruth dreams for a nice house for her family to live in, Beneatha dreams to become a doctor and do one of the most concretely good things that a person can do for another, Walter dreams of owning a liquor store and the financial security and independence he would achieve through that, and Mama dreams that future generations will have a better life. However, people don’t always think of how their dreams can influence them, the Youngers’ dreams and their attainment, or lack thereof, is directly related to the happiness and depression of the family. King’s dream was very similar to Mama’s, better things for the future, more opportunities, that blacks and whites would be able to sit â€Å"at the table of brotherhood†? together. All of Dr. King’s dreams have a common root, the abolition of racial discrimination. â€Å"The Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination†? , and while the chains are merely symbolic they may was well be literal. Fighting racial discrimination is the center of both pieces of literature, the people who support it, knowingly or unknowingly, are oppressing the blacks and making them feel like they didn’t belong anywhere. Around the Civil Rights Movement, black people didn’t feel like they had a home, their families had been in North America for centuries and because of that they felt absolutely no connection to Africa, the place that they were being told was their home, and they were being told and shown that they weren’t American either because of all the basic rights that were being taken away from them. They just wanted to â€Å"rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice†. And that was something that the Younger family was almost deprived of when they wanted to move to Clybourne Park, Mr.  Lindner came and told them that †our Negro families are happier when they live in their own communities† (p. 165). White people weren’t even being subtle with their racial discrimination; they had committees to make sure that black people knew that they weren’t welcome. Dr. King’s speech is all about trying to eradicate racism and so that people were not â€Å"judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character†?. In today’s society we are always told to do just that, do not judge a book by its cover, and it almost seems like fiction to think that an entire race was judged merely by how they look. The black people just wanted to be able to enter the â€Å"oasis of freedom and justice† , and the people around them were the ones who were going to have to make all the changes. In A Raisin in the Sun the white people clearly want nothing to do with the black people unless the blacks are doing the menial jobs that very few white people were willing to do, such as be drivers for the rich whites or clean their houses for very little pay, and the white people would get offended if the black people asked for a raise, after all the blacks should be grateful that the whites even considered giving them a job. However, when Dr. King made his speech there were white people in the crowd as well as black people. The white people knew that a change was coming and they were ready for the change because they thought that it would make things better, and Dr. King even acknowledges them while he is speaking, â€Å"many of our white brothers, as evidence by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. †? Between the speech and the play there is only about a decade of time between them, but the attitudes of the white people couldn’t be more different. Dreams, racism, and attitude are all substantially influential components to a society, and are certainly shown in both A Raisin in the Sun and â€Å"I Have A Dream†. And while racial discrimination has not been completely abolished from society, when A Raisin in the Sun first came out it gave incredible insight into how similar blacks were to whites, and when Dr. King gave his speech the Civil Rights Movement took off. Even though the blacks were given a â€Å"bad check†? their refusal â€Å"to believe that the bank of justice [was] bankrupt† made all the difference. A Raisin in the Sun Lorraine Hansberry’s play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun,† was a radically new representation of black life, resolutely authentic, fiercely unsentimental, and unflinching in its vision of what happens to people whose dreams are constantly deferred. I compared Act One, Scene 2, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is on a Saturday morning, and house cleaning is in process at the Youngers. In the film, the setting is the same as play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is when Mrs. Younger gets the insurance check of $10,000. In the film, the plot is the same, but includes music not mentioned in the play. The dialogue in the film has some deletions from the original text, with new dialogue added throughout the scene. Some film techniques used are: the film cuts back and forth to different characters, the room is well lit with the sunshine coming in through the window, and music is added throughout some parts of this scene. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene involves dialogue. Much of the dialogue is deleted, however, new dialogue is added through some parts of this scene. Also, in the play, the mailman comes up to their apartment and rings the door bell unlike the film, Travis runs up to him outside the building and gets the mail from him right away and runs back to give it to Mrs. Younger (his grandma). I also compared Act Two, Scene 1, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is later, that same day at the Youngers. In the film, the setting is the same as play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is when Mama, Mrs. Younger, buys Travis a new house for when he gets older to be a man. In the film, the plot is the same as play with music added to parts of this scene. The dialogue in the film has some lines rephrased and also has some deletions from the original text; new dialogue is added throughout parts of this scene. Some film techniques used in this scene are: the room is brightly lit with lamps and other light fixtures, the film cuts back and forth to different characters and the camera seems to move alone with the characters as they did, and music is added throughout parts of this scene. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene involves dialogue. Much of the dialogue is rephrased and not said as the author has written it in the play. And also, some of the dialogue from the original text is deleted, however, new dialogue is added. And also, unlike the film, a lot of the actions the author has described in the play did not happen in the film. Such as, on page 91 as Ruth says â€Å"Praise God! the author describes that she raises both arms classically, and as she tells Walter Lee to be glad, the author describes she has laid her hands on his shoulders, but he shakes himself free of her roughly, without turning to face her, these actions did not happen in the film. I also had compared Act Two, Scene 3, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is on a Saturday, moving day, one week later. In the film, the setting is the same as the play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is Linder tries to buy back the house from the Younger family. In the film, the plot is the same as the play. The dialogue in the film has some deletions from play; new dialogue is added in replacement of the deleted dialogue. Some film techniques used in this scene are: the film cuts back and forth to different characters, and the room is well lit with the sunshine coming in through the window. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene also involves dialogue. The dialogue in this scene is mostly faithful to the play but has some deletions. On the other hand, new dialogue was added in replacement of the deleted lines from the original text.